ned數字貨幣
㈠ 央行數字貨幣免費注冊
那個才是真的
㈡ 求關於經濟方面的英文文獻以及翻譯成中文
dsa
㈢ 重要的英文縮寫
1. 表示各種組織或機構的縮略詞
APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亞太經貿合作組織
IOC (International Olympic Committee) 國際奧林匹克委員會
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 國際標准化組織
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 歐佩克，石油輸出國組織
WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界貿易組織
2. 表示各種系統的縮略詞
BBS (Bulletin Board System) 電子布告欄系統或(Bulletin Board Service)電子布告服務
GPS (Global Position System) 全球定位系統
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) 全球移動通信系統
CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System) 計算機集成製造系統
DOS (Disc Operating System) 磁碟操作系統
ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) 智能交通系統
NMD (National Missile Defense) 國家導彈防禦系統
NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation) 納斯達克，<美>全國證券交易商自動報價系統協會
3. 有關職務或學位的縮略詞
CEO (Chief Executive Officer) 首席執行官
CFO (Chief Finance Officer) 首席財務官
CIO (Chief Information Officer) 首席信息官
COO (Chief Operating Officer) 首席運行官
CTO (Chief Technology Officer)首席技術官
CPA (Certified Public Accountant) 注冊會計師
MBA (Master of Business Administration) 工商管理碩士
MPA (Master of Public Administration) 公共管理碩士
4. 有關金融方面的縮略詞
ATM (Automated Teller Machine) 自動取款(出納)機
CBD (Central Business District) 中央商務區
GDP (Gross Domestic Proct) 國內生產總值
GNP (Gross National Proct) 國民生產總值
5. 有關考試方面的縮略詞
CET (College English Test) 大學英語等級考試
GRE (Graate Record Examination) 美國研究生入學考試
PETS (Public English Test System) 全國英語等級考試
6. 其他方面的縮略詞
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ) 獲得性免疫功能喪失綜合症，即艾滋病
AM (Amplitude Molation) 調幅
API (Air Pollution Index) 空氣污染指數
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) 碼分多址，一種無線電發射和接受方式
CD (Compact Disc) 激光唱盤
CIP (Cataloguing in Publication)預編目錄
DIY (Do It Yourself)指自己動手裝電腦，縫制衣服，做賀卡等
DVD (Digital Video Disc) 數字化視頻光碟
EMS (Express Mail Service) 郵政特快專遞
EQ (Emotional Quotient) 情商
IQ (Intelligence Quotient) 智商
IT (Information Technology) 信息技術
OA (Office Automation) 辦公自動化
OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) 原始設備製造商
PC (Personal Computer)個人計算機
SOHO (Small Office Home Office) 小型家居辦公室
SOS (Save Our Souls; radio signal once used universally to appeal for help esp. by a ship or boat; urgent request for help from sb. in trouble) 國際上曾通用的緊急呼救信號，也用於一般的求救或求助
VIP (Very Important Person) 重要人物
VOD (Video on Demand) 視頻點播
WWW (World Wide Web) 萬維網
網路聊天常用英語縮略詞
ASAP As soon as possible盡快
BF boyfriend 男朋友
GF girlfriend 女朋友
BTW By the way 隨便說一下
BBL Be back later 稍後回來
BRB Be right back 很快回來
CU See you 再見
CUL See you later 下次再會
DIIK Damned if I know 我真的不知道
FE For example 舉例
FTF Face to face 面對面
FYI For your information 供參考
IAE In any event無論如何
IC I see 我明白
ILY I love you 我愛你
IMO In my opinion 依我所見
IOW In other words 換句話說
LOL laughing out loudly 大聲笑
NRN No reply necessary 不必回信
OIC Oh, I see 哦,我知道
PEM Privacy enhanced mail 保密郵件
RSVP Reply if you please 請答復
TIA Thanks in advance 十分感謝
TTUL Talk to you later 以後再講
TY Thank you 謝謝
VG very good 很好
WYMM Will you marry me 願意嫁給我嗎
㈣ 急求：經濟類3000字左右英文文獻（帶翻譯更好）！~~
INTO THE STORM
FOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world』s financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices for raw materials. China』s economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.
過去一年的大部分時間里，高速發展的新興國家一直在遠處觀望著西方國家的金融風暴。他們的銀行僅持有少量抵押資產，而類似的資產已經破壞了發達國家的金融公司。商品出口商因為原材料的高價格而日漸富有。中國不可抗拒的經濟力量已然開啟，而且信貸刺激的內需從布達佩斯到巴西利亞都表現得非常充足。盡管大蕭條後關於西方國家受難於金融崩塌的話題與日俱增，但新興國家似乎距離金融風暴的中心還有一段距離。
No longer. As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated, the emerging world』s stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies tumbled. The seizure in the credit market caused havoc, as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services, including trade credits.
不過目前的情況不再是那樣了，隨著境外資本的流失和經濟信心的消失，新興國家股市暴跌（有些地區已經腰斬），本幣迅速貶值。由於外國銀行突然中斷貸款，並且收縮了包括貿易信貸在內的基礎銀行服務，新興國家的信貸市場突發混亂，並引發了一場浩劫。
Like their rich-world counterparts, governments are battling to limit the damage (see article). That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange reserves. Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services instry. South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks』 debt. Less well-endowed countries are asking for help. Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($6.6 billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF, as is Ukraine. Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial help.
新興國家的政府和發達國家的政府一樣都在為控制損失程度而奮斗。不過對於外匯儲備充足的國家來說難度會小一些：俄羅斯斥資2200億美元重振金融服務行業；韓國政府擔保了1000億美元的銀行債務。而那些儲備並不充足的國家正在四處求援：匈牙利成功向歐洲央行求得了50億歐元（約66億美元）的生命線，同時也在同國際貨幣基金組織協商借款事宜，同時向國際貨幣基金組織求援的還有烏克蘭。近一打兒的國家在向基金組織求助。
Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate measures. Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds, seemingly to stave off default (see article). But even stalwarts are looking weaker. Figures released this week showed that China』s growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent years.
有持續問題的國家正棋行險招：阿根廷正在將私人養老金國有化，意圖阻止違約的發生。即使強有力的國家也表現出虛弱一面：本周公布的數字表明今年中國的增長率在第三季度減緩為9%，雖然增速還算快，但是與近些年的兩位數增率相比緩慢了不少。
Blowing cold on credit
對信貸沒興趣
The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness, but the cumulative impact of all this will be enormous. Most obviously, how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something nastier. Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 months. But their economic fate will also have political consequences.
眾多新興經濟的意願並不相同，但是累計在一起的影響力卻非同一般。最明顯的就是這些國家的表現將會決定世界經濟所面臨的是一個較為緩和的衰退還是更可怕的情況。在過去18個月的全球經濟增長中，新興經濟貢獻了75%。但是他們的經濟命運也會有一些政治後果。
In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak governments. But even strong regimes could suffer. Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social unrest. More generally, the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world economy. Unlike many previous emerging-market crises, today』s mess spread from the rich world, largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital markets. If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet more questioning of the wisdom of globalised finance.
在類似東歐的很多地區，金融混亂目前的打擊目標是軟弱的政府；但強硬的政權同樣會嘗到苦果。一些專家認為中國每年需要7%的增長率來阻止社會動盪的發生。總體來說，如此爭端必將影響全球經濟一體化的討論。與以往數次新興經濟危機不同，這次的混亂始於發達國家，很大程度上要歸咎於一體化的資本市場。一旦新興經濟崩潰，無論是貨幣危機還是劇烈的經濟蕭條，大家對於金融全球化是否屬明智之舉會有更多的質疑。
Fortunately, the picture is not universally dire. All emerging economies will slow. Some will surely face deep recessions. But many are facing the present danger in stronger shape than ever before, armed with large reserves, flexible currencies and strong budgets. Good policy-both at home and in the rich world-can yet avoid a catastrophe.
幸運的是上述恐怖的場景沒有發生在全球的每個角落：所有的新興經濟都會減緩發展速度，有一些也必將面臨深度蕭條；但是更多的國家在面臨當下危機的時候卻擁有比以往任何時候都強壯的形式，用充足的儲備、彈性的貨幣和強大的預算武裝自己。新興國家及發達國家良好的政策可以避免大災難的發生。
One reason for hope is that the direct economic fallout from the rich world』s disaster is manageable. Falling demand in America and Europe hurts exports, particularly in Asia and Mexico. Commodity prices have fallen: oil is down nearly 60% from its peak and many crops and metals have done worse. That has a mixed effect. Although it hurts commodity-exporters from Russia to South America, it helps commodity importers in Asia and reces inflation fears everywhere. Countries like Venezuela that have been run badly are vulnerable (see article), but given the scale of the past boom, the commodity bust so far seems unlikely to cause widespread crises.
至少有一個原因值得抱有希望：發達國家此次災難的直接經濟影響還是在可控的范圍內。歐美銳減的需求對出口來說無疑是一個打擊，特別是對亞洲和墨西哥。商品價格走低：原油價格與巔峰時期比較已經下降了60%，很多糧食和金屬類商品跌幅更大。這兩個現象有混合效果：盡管從俄羅斯到南美的商品（能源）出口企業備受打擊，但卻幫助了亞洲的商品（能源）進口商，並且緩和了各地對通脹的恐懼。委內瑞拉的情形一直很糟糕，也很脆弱；不過由於過去極度的繁榮，商品價格下跌目前還不會引發大范圍傳播的危機。
The more dangerous shock is financial. Wealth is being squeezed as asset prices decline. China』s house prices, for instance, have started falling (see article). This will dampen domestic confidence, even though consumers are much less indebted than they are in the rich world. Elsewhere, the sudden dearth of foreign-bank lending and the flight of hedge funds and other investors from bond markets has slammed the brakes on credit growth. And just as booming credit once underpinned strong domestic spending, so tighter credit will mean slower growth.
比商品價格更令人震驚的事情發生在金融領域。由於資產價格的下降，財富水平正在被擠壓縮水。以中國房價為例，目前已經開始下跌。盡管新興國家的消費者比發達國家的負債水平低很多，上述情況還是會挫傷國內的經濟信心。在其他方面，國外銀行借款驟然匱乏、對沖基金以及其他投資者逃離債券市場，這些因素給信貸增長踩了一腳急剎車。正如發達的信貸曾經強力支撐國內支出那樣，信貸緊縮將意味著增長放緩。
Again, the impact will differ by country. Thanks to huge current-account surpluses in China and the oil-exporters in the Gulf, emerging economies as a group still send capital to the rich world. But over 80 have deficits of more than 5% of GDP. Most of these are poor countries that live off foreign aid; but some larger ones rely on private capital. For the likes of Turkey and South Africa a sudden slowing in foreign financing would force a dramatic adjustment. A particular worry is eastern Europe, where many countries have double-digit deficits. In addition, even some countries with surpluses, such as Russia, have banks that have grown accustomed to easy foreign lending because of the integration of global finance. The rich world』s bank l-outs may limit the squeeze, but the flow of capital to the emerging world will slow. The Institute of International Finance, a bankers』 group, expects a 30% decline in net flows of private capital from last year.
需要再次重申的是，沖擊的表現會因國家的不同而有所區別。多虧中國和海灣產油國經常項目下的巨額順差，新型經濟整體還不斷的向發達國家輸送資本。但是80 多個國家的財政赤字已經超過GDP的5%，其中的多數是那些依靠國外救助過活得貧困國家；不過也有一些依靠私人資本的大國。對於類似土耳其和南非的國家來說，突然減緩的境外融資迫使其進行大幅調整。東歐的情況特別令人擔憂，那裡的不少國家赤字水平已經達到了兩位數。另外，象俄羅斯這樣處於順差的國家，其銀行也逐漸適應了可以輕易從外國取得的貸款，原因自然是全球金融一體化。發達國家的救助計劃也許可以限制財富被擠壓的水平，但資本流向新興世界的速度無疑會減慢。國際金融研協會預測私人資本的凈流量比去年回減少30%。
A wing and a prayer
飛行之翼與祈禱者
This credit crunch will be grim, but most emerging markets can avoid catastrophe. The biggest ones are in relatively good shape. The more vulnerable ones can (and should) be helped.
信貸緊縮必將令人生畏，不過多數新興市場可以躲過一劫，最大的市場形勢還相當不錯。比較脆弱的市場可以（也應該）得到幫助。
Among the giants, China is in a league of its own, with a $2 trillion arsenal of reserves, a current-account surplus, little connection to foreign banks and a budget surplus that offers lots of room to boost spending. Since the country』s leaders have made clear that they will do whatever it takes to cushion growth, China』s economy is likely to slow-perhaps to 8%-but not collapse. Although that is not enough to save the world economy, such growth in China would put a floor under commodity prices and help other countries in the emerging world.
在那些堅強的巨人中，中國卓然不群：手握2萬億美元的儲備，經常項下的順差狀態，與國外銀行罕有關聯，過剩的預算給推動支出留有足夠空間。鑒於國家領導人已經明確表示將不惜一切代價為經濟增長減速緩沖，中國的經濟增長應該會減緩到大約8%的水平，但是決不會崩潰。雖然這不足以挽救世界經濟，但是該增長率將會為商品價格建底並幫到新興世界的其他國家。
The other large economies will be harder hit, but should be able to weather the storm. India has a big budget deficit and many Brazilian firms have a large foreign-currency exposure. But Brazil』s economy is diversified and both countries have plenty of reserves to smooth the shift to slower growth. With $550 billion of reserves, Russia ought to be able to stop a run on the rouble. In the short-term at least, the most vulnerable countries are all smaller ones.
其他的經濟大國會受到更大的沖擊，不過應該可以禁受住風暴侵襲。印度的財政赤字巨大，巴西很多公司面臨巨大的外匯風險。但巴西經濟已經實現多樣化，同時上述兩個國家擁有充足的儲備來平穩過渡到緩慢的增長。俄羅斯掌握著5500億美元的儲備，應該能夠阻止對盧布的搶購。至少在短期內，小國家才是最弱不禁風的。
There will be pain as tighter credit forces adjustments. But sensible, speedy international assistance would make a big difference. Several emerging countries have asked America』s Federal Reserve for liquidity support; some hope that China will l them out. A better route is surely the IMF, which has huge expertise and some $250 billion to lend. Sadly, borrowing from the fund carries a stigma. That needs to change. The IMF should develop quicker, more flexible financial instruments and minimise the conditions it attaches to loans. Over the past month deft policymaking saw off calamity in the rich world. Now it is time for something similar in the emerging world.
受到緊縮信貸壓力進行的調整必然帶來痛苦，但快速的國際援助是明智之舉，因為這會讓結果很不相同。一些新興國家已經向美聯儲求援以緩解流動性問題；有一些則希望中國可以拯救他們與水火。更佳的求救路線莫過於國際貨幣基金組織，因為它掌握大量的專門知識和2500億美元的可出借款項。不幸的是人們認為向基金借款有辱其名，國際貨幣基金組織應該推出更快捷、更靈活的金融工具，同時實現借貸條件最小化。過去數月中，機敏的決策驅散了發達國家的災難。現在也正是新興世界發生類似事情的時候了。
補充：economics上的文章
㈤ 關於Android下控制Edittext的輸入的整數長度。
樓主我有另一種方式，就是判斷輸入的數據是否大於某個數值，如果整數不能超過4位，那就是不能大於9999，如下代碼：
/**
*2015年10月27日09:58:32：給限價、停損添加小數位控制
*/
finalintdigit=instrument.getDigits()+instrument.getExtraDigit();
/**
*2015年12月16日13:36:52：控制整數位的位數
*/
finalintdigitInteger=9999;
/**
*設置小數位數控制
*/
InputFilterlengthfilter=newInputFilter(){
@Override
publicCharSequencefilter(CharSequencesource,intstart,intend,
Spanneddest,intdstart,intdend){
//刪除等特殊字元，直接返回
if("".equals(source.toString())){
returnnull;
}
StringdValue=dest.toString();
String[]splitArray=dValue.split("\.");
//控制限價等價格的整數位的位數,邏輯是如果輸入的數字大於設定的數據就提示
doubledold=Double.parseDouble(dValue+source.toString());
if(dold>digitInteger){
Toast.makeText(getActivity(),"輸入的金額不能大於10位",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
returndest.subSequence(dstart,dend);
}
//控制小數位只能對應的商品位數
if(splitArray.length>1){
StringdotValue=splitArray[1];
intdiff=dotValue.length()+1-digit;
if(diff>0){
returnsource.subSequence(start,end-diff);
}
}
returnnull;
}
};
/**
*只能輸入貨幣對對應的小數位數
*/
limitEditText.setFilters(newInputFilter[]{lengthfilter});
㈥ acca一共要考幾科
目前ACCA考試一共有15門，考出其中13門科目即可獲得ACCA證書
基礎階段課程：
知識課程（共3門）
F1 Accountant in Business商業會計
F2 Management Accounting管理會計
F3 Financial Accounting財務會計
技能課程（共6門）
F4 Corporate and Business Law（CHN）公司法與商法
F5 Performance Management業績管理
F6 Taxation（CHN）稅法
F7 Financial Reporting財務報告
F8 Audit and Assurance審計與認證
F9 Financial Management財務管理
專業階段：核心課程
SBL戰略商業領袖Strategic Business Leader
SBL戰略商業報告Strategic Business Reporting
選修課程（任選其中2門）
P4 Advanced Financial Management高級財務管理
P5 Advanced Performance Management高級業績管理
P6 Advanced Taxation高級稅法
P7 Advanced Audit and Assurance高級審計和認證
急速通關計劃 ACCA全球私播課 大學生僱主直通車計劃 周末面授班 寒暑假沖刺班 其他課程
㈦ 急！！求經濟類英文文獻3000字（帶中文翻譯）
INTO THE STORM
FOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world』s financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices for raw materials. China』s economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.
過去一年的大部分時間里，高速發展的新興國家一直在遠處觀望著西方國家的金融風暴。他們的銀行僅持有少量抵押資產，而類似的資產已經破壞了發達國家的金融公司。商品出口商因為原材料的高價格而日漸富有。中國不可抗拒的經濟力量已然開啟，而且信貸刺激的內需從布達佩斯到巴西利亞都表現得非常充足。盡管大蕭條後關於西方國家受難於金融崩塌的話題與日俱增，但新興國家似乎距離金融風暴的中心還有一段距離。
No longer. As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated, the emerging world』s stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies tumbled. The seizure in the credit market caused havoc, as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services, including trade credits.
不過目前的情況不再是那樣了，隨著境外資本的流失和經濟信心的消失，新興國家股市暴跌（有些地區已經腰斬），本幣迅速貶值。由於外國銀行突然中斷貸款，並且收縮了包括貿易信貸在內的基礎銀行服務，新興國家的信貸市場突發混亂，並引發了一場浩劫。
Like their rich-world counterparts, governments are battling to limit the damage (see article). That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange reserves. Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services instry. South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks』 debt. Less well-endowed countries are asking for help. Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($6.6 billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF, as is Ukraine. Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial help.
新興國家的政府和發達國家的政府一樣都在為控制損失程度而奮斗。不過對於外匯儲備充足的國家來說難度會小一些：俄羅斯斥資2200億美元重振金融服務行業；韓國政府擔保了1000億美元的銀行債務。而那些儲備並不充足的國家正在四處求援：匈牙利成功向歐洲央行求得了50億歐元（約66億美元）的生命線，同時也在同國際貨幣基金組織協商借款事宜，同時向國際貨幣基金組織求援的還有烏克蘭。近一打兒的國家在向基金組織求助。
Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate measures. Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds, seemingly to stave off default (see article). But even stalwarts are looking weaker. Figures released this week showed that China』s growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent years.
有持續問題的國家正棋行險招：阿根廷正在將私人養老金國有化，意圖阻止違約的發生。即使強有力的國家也表現出虛弱一面：本周公布的數字表明今年中國的增長率在第三季度減緩為9%，雖然增速還算快，但是與近些年的兩位數增率相比緩慢了不少。
Blowing cold on credit
對信貸沒興趣
The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness, but the cumulative impact of all this will be enormous. Most obviously, how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something nastier. Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 months. But their economic fate will also have political consequences.
眾多新興經濟的意願並不相同，但是累計在一起的影響力卻非同一般。最明顯的就是這些國家的表現將會決定世界經濟所面臨的是一個較為緩和的衰退還是更可怕的情況。在過去18個月的全球經濟增長中，新興經濟貢獻了75%。但是他們的經濟命運也會有一些政治後果。
In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak governments. But even strong regimes could suffer. Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social unrest. More generally, the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world economy. Unlike many previous emerging-market crises, today』s mess spread from the rich world, largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital markets. If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet more questioning of the wisdom of globalised finance.
在類似東歐的很多地區，金融混亂目前的打擊目標是軟弱的政府；但強硬的政權同樣會嘗到苦果。一些專家認為中國每年需要7%的增長率來阻止社會動盪的發生。總體來說，如此爭端必將影響全球經濟一體化的討論。與以往數次新興經濟危機不同，這次的混亂始於發達國家，很大程度上要歸咎於一體化的資本市場。一旦新興經濟崩潰，無論是貨幣危機還是劇烈的經濟蕭條，大家對於金融全球化是否屬明智之舉會有更多的質疑。
Fortunately, the picture is not universally dire. All emerging economies will slow. Some will surely face deep recessions. But many are facing the present danger in stronger shape than ever before, armed with large reserves, flexible currencies and strong budgets. Good policy-both at home and in the rich world-can yet avoid a catastrophe.
幸運的是上述恐怖的場景沒有發生在全球的每個角落：所有的新興經濟都會減緩發展速度，有一些也必將面臨深度蕭條；但是更多的國家在面臨當下危機的時候卻擁有比以往任何時候都強壯的形式，用充足的儲備、彈性的貨幣和強大的預算武裝自己。新興國家及發達國家良好的政策可以避免大災難的發生。
One reason for hope is that the direct economic fallout from the rich world』s disaster is manageable. Falling demand in America and Europe hurts exports, particularly in Asia and Mexico. Commodity prices have fallen: oil is down nearly 60% from its peak and many crops and metals have done worse. That has a mixed effect. Although it hurts commodity-exporters from Russia to South America, it helps commodity importers in Asia and reces inflation fears everywhere. Countries like Venezuela that have been run badly are vulnerable (see article), but given the scale of the past boom, the commodity bust so far seems unlikely to cause widespread crises.
至少有一個原因值得抱有希望：發達國家此次災難的直接經濟影響還是在可控的范圍內。歐美銳減的需求對出口來說無疑是一個打擊，特別是對亞洲和墨西哥。商品價格走低：原油價格與巔峰時期比較已經下降了60%，很多糧食和金屬類商品跌幅更大。這兩個現象有混合效果：盡管從俄羅斯到南美的商品（能源）出口企業備受打擊，但卻幫助了亞洲的商品（能源）進口商，並且緩和了各地對通脹的恐懼。委內瑞拉的情形一直很糟糕，也很脆弱；不過由於過去極度的繁榮，商品價格下跌目前還不會引發大范圍傳播的危機。
The more dangerous shock is financial. Wealth is being squeezed as asset prices decline. China』s house prices, for instance, have started falling (see article). This will dampen domestic confidence, even though consumers are much less indebted than they are in the rich world. Elsewhere, the sudden dearth of foreign-bank lending and the flight of hedge funds and other investors from bond markets has slammed the brakes on credit growth. And just as booming credit once underpinned strong domestic spending, so tighter credit will mean slower growth.
比商品價格更令人震驚的事情發生在金融領域。由於資產價格的下降，財富水平正在被擠壓縮水。以中國房價為例，目前已經開始下跌。盡管新興國家的消費者比發達國家的負債水平低很多，上述情況還是會挫傷國內的經濟信心。在其他方面，國外銀行借款驟然匱乏、對沖基金以及其他投資者逃離債券市場，這些因素給信貸增長踩了一腳急剎車。正如發達的信貸曾經強力支撐國內支出那樣，信貸緊縮將意味著增長放緩。
Again, the impact will differ by country. Thanks to huge current-account surpluses in China and the oil-exporters in the Gulf, emerging economies as a group still send capital to the rich world. But over 80 have deficits of more than 5% of GDP. Most of these are poor countries that live off foreign aid; but some larger ones rely on private capital. For the likes of Turkey and South Africa a sudden slowing in foreign financing would force a dramatic adjustment. A particular worry is eastern Europe, where many countries have double-digit deficits. In addition, even some countries with surpluses, such as Russia, have banks that have grown accustomed to easy foreign lending because of the integration of global finance. The rich world』s bank l-outs may limit the squeeze, but the flow of capital to the emerging world will slow. The Institute of International Finance, a bankers』 group, expects a 30% decline in net flows of private capital from last year.
需要再次重申的是，沖擊的表現會因國家的不同而有所區別。多虧中國和海灣產油國經常項目下的巨額順差，新型經濟整體還不斷的向發達國家輸送資本。但是80 多個國家的財政赤字已經超過GDP的5%，其中的多數是那些依靠國外救助過活得貧困國家；不過也有一些依靠私人資本的大國。對於類似土耳其和南非的國家來說，突然減緩的境外融資迫使其進行大幅調整。東歐的情況特別令人擔憂，那裡的不少國家赤字水平已經達到了兩位數。另外，象俄羅斯這樣處於順差的國家，其銀行也逐漸適應了可以輕易從外國取得的貸款，原因自然是全球金融一體化。發達國家的救助計劃也許可以限制財富被擠壓的水平，但資本流向新興世界的速度無疑會減慢。國際金融研協會預測私人資本的凈流量比去年回減少30%。
A wing and a prayer
飛行之翼與祈禱者
This credit crunch will be grim, but most emerging markets can avoid catastrophe. The biggest ones are in relatively good shape. The more vulnerable ones can (and should) be helped.
信貸緊縮必將令人生畏，不過多數新興市場可以躲過一劫，最大的市場形勢還相當不錯。比較脆弱的市場可以（也應該）得到幫助。
Among the giants, China is in a league of its own, with a $2 trillion arsenal of reserves, a current-account surplus, little connection to foreign banks and a budget surplus that offers lots of room to boost spending. Since the country』s leaders have made clear that they will do whatever it takes to cushion growth, China』s economy is likely to slow-perhaps to 8%-but not collapse. Although that is not enough to save the world economy, such growth in China would put a floor under commodity prices and help other countries in the emerging world.
在那些堅強的巨人中，中國卓然不群：手握2萬億美元的儲備，經常項下的順差狀態，與國外銀行罕有關聯，過剩的預算給推動支出留有足夠空間。鑒於國家領導人已經明確表示將不惜一切代價為經濟增長減速緩沖，中國的經濟增長應該會減緩到大約8%的水平，但是決不會崩潰。雖然這不足以挽救世界經濟，但是該增長率將會為商品價格建底並幫到新興世界的其他國家。
The other large economies will be harder hit, but should be able to weather the storm. India has a big budget deficit and many Brazilian firms have a large foreign-currency exposure. But Brazil』s economy is diversified and both countries have plenty of reserves to smooth the shift to slower growth. With $550 billion of reserves, Russia ought to be able to stop a run on the rouble. In the short-term at least, the most vulnerable countries are all smaller ones.
其他的經濟大國會受到更大的沖擊，不過應該可以禁受住風暴侵襲。印度的財政赤字巨大，巴西很多公司面臨巨大的外匯風險。但巴西經濟已經實現多樣化，同時上述兩個國家擁有充足的儲備來平穩過渡到緩慢的增長。俄羅斯掌握著5500億美元的儲備，應該能夠阻止對盧布的搶購。至少在短期內，小國家才是最弱不禁風的。
There will be pain as tighter credit forces adjustments. But sensible, speedy international assistance would make a big difference. Several emerging countries have asked America』s Federal Reserve for liquidity support; some hope that China will l them out. A better route is surely the IMF, which has huge expertise and some $250 billion to lend. Sadly, borrowing from the fund carries a stigma. That needs to change. The IMF should develop quicker, more flexible financial instruments and minimise the conditions it attaches to loans. Over the past month deft policymaking saw off calamity in the rich world. Now it is time for something similar in the emerging world.
受到緊縮信貸壓力進行的調整必然帶來痛苦，但快速的國際援助是明智之舉，因為這會讓結果很不相同。一些新興國家已經向美聯儲求援以緩解流動性問題；有一些則希望中國可以拯救他們與水火。更佳的求救路線莫過於國際貨幣基金組織，因為它掌握大量的專門知識和2500億美元的可出借款項。不幸的是人們認為向基金借款有辱其名，國際貨幣基金組織應該推出更快捷、更靈活的金融工具，同時實現借貸條件最小化。過去數月中，機敏的決策驅散了發達國家的災難。現在也正是新興世界發生類似事情的時候了。
㈧ 會計做賬 每個月都要做哪些報表
1、每個月所要做的第一件事就是根據原始憑證登記記賬憑證（做記賬憑證時一定要有財務（經理）有簽字權的人簽字後你在做），然後月末或定期編制科目匯總表登記總賬（之所以月末登記就是因為要通過科目匯總表試算平衡，保證記錄記算不出錯），每發生一筆業務就根據記賬憑證登記明細賬。
2、月末還要注意提取折舊，待攤費用的攤銷等，若是新的企業開辦費在第一個月全部轉入費用 。計提折舊的分錄是借管理費用或是製造費用貸累計折舊，這個折舊額是根據固定資產原值，凈值和使用年限計算出來的。月末還要提取稅金及附加，實際是地稅這一塊。就是提取稅金及附加，有城建稅，教育費附加等，有稅務決定 。
3、月末編制完科目匯總表之後，編制兩個分錄。第一個分錄：將損益類科目的總發生額轉入本年利潤，借主營業務收入（投資收益，其他業務收入等）貸本年利潤。第二個分錄：借本年利潤貸主營業務成本（主營業務稅金及附加，其他業務成本等）。轉入後如果差額在借方則為虧損不需要交所得稅，如果在貸方則說明盈利需交所得稅，計算方法，所得稅=貸方差額*所得稅稅率，然後做記賬憑證，借所得稅貸應交稅金--應交所得稅，借本年利潤貸所得稅（ 所得稅雖然和利潤有關，但並不是虧損一定不交納所得稅，主要是看調整後的應納稅所得額是否是正數，如果是正數就要計算所得稅，同時還要注意所得稅核算方法，採用應付稅款法時，所得稅科目和應交稅金科目金額是相等的，採用納稅影響法時，存在時間性差異時所得稅科目和應交稅金科目金額是不相等的）。
4、最後根據總賬的資產（貨幣資金，固定資產，應收賬款，應收票據，短期投資等）負債（應付票據，應附賬款等）所有者權益（實收資料，資本公積，未分配利潤，盈餘公積）科目的余額（是指總賬科目上的最後一天上面所登記的數額）編制資產負債表，根據總賬或科目匯總表的損益類科目（如管理費用，主營業務成本，投資收益，主營業務附加等）的發生額（發生額是指本月的發生額）編制利潤表。（關於主營業務收入及應交稅金,應該根據每一個月在國稅所抄稅的數額來確定.因為稅控機會列印一份表格上面會有具體的數字）
5、其餘的就是裝訂憑證,寫報表附註,分析情況表之類。
6、注意問題：
a、以上除編制記賬憑證和登記明細賬之外，均在月末進行。
b、月末結現金，銀行賬，一定要賬證相符，賬實相符。每月月初根據銀行對賬單調銀行賬余額調節表，注意分析未達款項。月初報稅時注意時間，不要逾期報稅。另外，當月開出的發票當月入賬。每月分析往來的賬齡和金額，包括：應收，應付，其他應收。