ethregular

Ⅰ 上海高中生必須掌握的英語單詞

★A

ability能力； absent缺席的； abroad到國外； accept接受； achieve獲得,實現；

activity活動； actual實際的,真實的； advanced先進的,高級的； adventure冒險,奇遇； advantage優勢； address地址； admit承認,允許進入； advertise登廣告； affect影響； afford買得起； agriculture農業； announce宣布； anxious焦慮的,渴望的； apologize道歉； appearance出現,外表； appreciation感激,欣賞； arrival到達； astronaut宇航員； atmosphere大氣,氣氛； attempt企圖,嘗試； attentively專心地； attract吸引； audience聽眾； average平均； appetite食慾； attitude態度；

★B

balance平衡； bargain討價還價； basically基本地，主要地； benefit利益； beyond超過； biology生物學； bitter苦的； branch分支,部門； broadcast廣播,播送；

breathe呼吸； behaviour行為； belief信仰,信念；

★C

camera照相機； capital首都，省會； captain隊長，船長； ceiling天花板； celebrate慶祝； century世紀； chain鏈子；連鎖； challenge挑戰； channel航道， 海峽，頻道； character特徵； charge收費，索價； chat聊天； Christmas聖誕節； citizen公民； cigarette香煙； climate氣候； coal煤炭； collar衣領； comfortably舒適地；

communication通訊； competition競賽； complete完全的，徹底的； composition作文； concert音樂會； conctor售票員，導體； confident自信的； congratulation祝賀； construction建設； continent大陸，大洲； convenient方便的； conversation交談； cough咳嗽； course過程，課程，一道菜； courage勇氣； cousin堂（表）兄弟，堂（表）姐妹； crowd人群； curtain窗簾； culture文化； curious好奇的； custom習俗； customer消費者； conclusion結論； contribution貢獻；

★D

daily每日的； dangerous 危險的； decade十年； definitely明確地，肯定地；

deliver投遞； declare宣布； deserve應受，值得； description描述；

design設計； devote專心，致力於； determine決心，決定； dialogue/dialog對話； dictionary字典； direction方向；指導； disaster災難； disappear消失；

discussion討論； disturb 打擾； diary日記； digital數碼的； download下載；

stbin垃圾箱； decrease減少； department部，局，處，科；系；dynasty王朝，朝代；

★E

economical經濟的，節約的； ecate教育； effective 有效的； efficient 效率高的； effort努力； electricity電； equality平等； encourage鼓勵； energy能量；精力； entrance入口； envelope信封； environment環境； escape逃避； especially尤其,特別； exhibition展覽會； expert專家； extremely極端地； eventually最終地；

★F

familiar熟悉的； failure失敗； finger手指； flour麵粉； fluently流利地；

forbid禁止； foreigner外國人； forgive原諒； fortunately幸運地； freedom自由；

frequent頻繁的； fresh新鮮的； fruit水果； friendly友好的； fuel燃料；furniture 傢具； festival節日；

★G

generation一代； generally一般地； generous慷慨的；大方的； geography地理；

glove手套； government政府； graation畢業； graal逐漸的； grammar語法； guest客人； guide導游；

★H

habit習慣； handkerchief手帕； handwriting書法，筆跡； harvest收獲；

healthily健康地； height高度； honor尊敬； hunger飢餓； humorous幽默的；

★I

idiom習語； island島； imagine想像； immediately 立即，立刻； increase 增加； income收入； instry工業，勤勞； inform通知； internet網際網路；interrupt打斷,打擾； interview采訪,面試； inventor發明者； insurance保險；

★J

journalist記者； judge法官； justice正義，公正； junior初級的；

★K

kindergarten幼兒園； kite風箏； knowledge知識； kitchen廚房；

★L

labour勞動； lack缺乏； ladder梯子； language語言； lately最近； latter後者； lawyer律師； league聯盟； lecture演講； level水平； librarian圖書管理員； local當地的； luggage行李； luckily 幸運地；

★M

magazine雜志； majority多數； market市場； marriage結婚; material原料；

meanwhile同時； measure測量，尺寸； medical醫學的； memory記憶力；

menu菜單； mention提到； merry歡樂的； merely僅僅，只不過； message消息； metal金屬； mirror鏡子； monitor班長； monument紀念碑； mostly主要地；大部分； museum博物館； media傳媒； minority少數，少數民族； mobile移動的； motto格言； mystery神秘； mental精神的；

★N

narrow 狹窄的； nationality國籍； naturally自然地； neatly整潔地； nurse護士；

necessary必要的； neighbour鄰居； nephew侄子，外甥； niece侄女，外甥女；

normal正常的； nowadays現在； nutrition營養；

★O

obey服從； object物體，反對； ocean海洋； offer提供； operation操作，做手術； opposite相反的； organize組織； overcome克服； obvious明顯的； Olympic奧林匹克的； outstanding傑出的；

★P

palace宮殿； paragraph段； park停放（車）； particular特別的； partner搭檔；

panda熊貓； passenger乘客； patient耐心的，病人； peaceful和平的； peasant農民；

performance 表演； period時期； permit允許； persuade說服； project工程；

phenomenon現象； physical身體的，物理的； pillow枕頭； pilot飛行員；

population人口，人數； poisonous有毒的； pollution污染； position位置；

practical實際的，實用的； pressure壓力； precious珍貴的，寶貴的；president總統； pretend假裝； program節目，項目； pronunciation發音； purpose目的，意圖； potential潛力； private私人的； privilege特權；

★Q

quality質量； quantity數量； quarrel爭吵； quarter四分之一； queue隊，行列；

★R

raise提高，撫養； rare稀有的，罕見的； recently近來；recognize認出； record 記錄； recover恢復； recycle回收，再利用； rece減少； refuse拒絕； regular規則的；relative相對的，親戚； remain保持，剩下，仍然； responsibility責任心；

remind提醒，使想起； remove去掉； resign辭職，放棄； request要求；review復習；

research調查，研究； respect尊敬； restaurant飯館； resource資源；

refer 參考，提到；

★S

safety安全； salary薪水； satisfaction滿足； scene場景； scenery風景；

scientific科學的； secretly 秘密地； secretary秘書； seldom很少； society社會

senior高級的，年長的； sense感覺，辨別力； serious嚴肅的，嚴峻的；square廣場

service服務； separate分離，單獨的； shape形狀，製作； share分享，份額；

sheet被單； shelf架子； shortcoming缺點； shoulder肩膀； similar類似的； situation形勢； slightly輕微地； smoothly光滑地，平坦地，平穩地；system系統；

spare抽出（時間、人手）； spread傳播； ； standard標准； steal偷竊；

straight直的，直地； stranger陌生人； strangely奇怪地 suffer受苦，遭受； selfish自私的； sensitive敏感的； sincerely真誠地； strengthen加強； sympathy同情；

★T

task任務； technique技術； temperature溫度，體溫； theatre劇場，戲院；

therefore因此； thief賊； thirsty渴的，缺水的； thorough徹底的； thunder雷聲； title標題； tobacco煙草； toilet洗手間； traffic交通； translate翻譯； trousers長褲； typical典型的； throughout貫穿，在整個……期間； tourism旅遊業； traditional傳統的，傳說的； traveller旅行者；

★U

umbrella傘； uniform制服； union協會，聯盟； university綜合大學； universe宇宙； upstairs在樓上； unique唯一的，獨特的；

★V

vacation假期； valley山谷；流域； value價值； variety變化，多樣性； various各種各樣的； vegetable蔬菜； victory勝利； villager村民； vocabulary詞彙； voyage航行，航海； volunteer志願者；

★W

waste浪費，無用的，垃圾； weather 天氣； wedding婚禮； weight重量； willing願意的； welfare福利； wonder想知道，奇觀

★Y

youth青，青春；

★一年中的十二個月：

January 一月； February二月； March三月； April四月； May五月； June六月； July七月； August八月； September九月； October十月； November十一月； December十二月；

★一周中的七天：

Monday星期一； Tuesday星期二； Wednesday星期三； Thursday星期四； Friday星期五； Saturday星期六； Sunday星期天；

★大洲大洋國家名（名詞、形容詞）：

Asian亞洲的； European歐洲的； African非洲的 ；Pacific太平洋；Atlantic大西洋；

German德國的，德國人，德語； Germany德國；France法國； French法國人，法語，法國的； Canadian加拿大的，加拿大人； Canada加拿大； Russia俄羅斯； Russian俄國人，俄語,俄國的；

★東西南北（名詞、形容詞）：

east (東,東方)； eastern (東方的,東部的)； west (西,西方)； western (西方的,西部的)；

south (南,南方)； southern (南方的,南部的)； north (北,北方)； northern (北方的,北部的)

★基數詞和序數詞（1---19、20---90）：

如：fifth第五；ninth第九；twelfth第十二；twentieth第二十（30、40、50、60、70、80、90的序數詞都是去掉y加ieth）

★不規則動詞表（略）

分享到搜狐微博

Ⅱ 誰知道迪士尼動畫片<<石中劍>>中人物的英文台詞

全部台詞放不下，只發了一部分，可以從這個地址下載http://www.subom.com/down/52442/1218646766/K
解壓後：用記事本打開「frm-twits.eng.srt」英文台詞
這個是「frm-twits.chs.srt」是中文對照

1
00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:47,074
Alegend is sung

2
00:01:47,200 --> 00:01:50,192
Of when England was young

3
00:01:50,320 --> 00:01:55,872
And knights
were brave and bold

4
00:01:56,000 --> 00:01:58,639
The good king had died

5
00:01:58,760 --> 00:02:02,355
And no one could decide

6
00:02:02,480 --> 00:02:08,237
Who was rightful heir
to the throne

7
00:02:09,760 --> 00:02:12,194
It seemed that the land

8
00:02:12,320 --> 00:02:15,630
Would be torn by war

9
00:02:15,760 --> 00:02:23,269
Or saved by a miracle alone

10
00:02:24,320 --> 00:02:28,472
And that miracle appeared

11
00:02:28,600 --> 00:02:35,711
In London town

12
00:02:36,680 --> 00:02:39,194
The sword

13
00:02:39,320 --> 00:02:45,998
In the stone

14
00:02:48,080 --> 00:02:51,197
And below the hilt
in letters of gold...

15
00:02:51,320 --> 00:02:53,788
were written these words:

16
00:02:53,920 --> 00:02:57,959
"Whoso pulleth out this sword
of this stone and anvil...

17
00:02:58,080 --> 00:03:02,392
is rightwise king
born of England."

18
00:03:02,520 --> 00:03:05,478
Though many tried for the sword
with all their strength...

19
00:03:05,600 --> 00:03:09,195
none could move the sword
nor stir it.

20
00:03:09,320 --> 00:03:11,709
So the miracle
had not worked.

21
00:03:11,840 --> 00:03:14,798
And England was still
without a king.

22
00:03:14,920 --> 00:03:19,072
And in time, the marvellous sword
was forgotten.

23
00:03:24,000 --> 00:03:26,594
This was a dark age...

24
00:03:26,720 --> 00:03:30,679
without law
and without order.

25
00:03:30,800 --> 00:03:33,792
Men lived in fear
of one another...

26
00:03:33,920 --> 00:03:37,071
for the strong
preyed upon the weak.

27
00:04:06,920 --> 00:04:09,718
A dark age indeed!

28
00:04:09,840 --> 00:04:12,559
Age of inconvenience.

29
00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:16,274
No plumbing...

30
00:04:16,400 --> 00:04:18,595
no electricity...

31
00:04:18,720 --> 00:04:20,597
no nothing!

32
00:04:22,160 --> 00:04:24,469
Oh, hang it all!

33
00:04:24,600 --> 00:04:26,511
Hang it all!

34
00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:32,071
Oh, now what?
Now what?

35
00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:34,031
Leave, leave off!
Leave off!

36
00:04:34,160 --> 00:04:38,039
Oh, you, you, you
fiendish chain you!

37
00:04:39,920 --> 00:04:41,990
Everything complicated.

38
00:04:42,120 --> 00:04:44,429
One big medieval mess.

39
00:04:53,440 --> 00:04:56,159
Now, uh, let me see.

40
00:04:56,280 --> 00:04:59,477
He should be here in,
I'd say half an hour.

41
00:04:59,600 --> 00:05:03,673
Who? Who? I'd like
to know who.

42
00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:06,872
I told you, Archimedes.
I am not sure.

43
00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:10,709
All I know is that someone will
be coming. Someone very important.

44
00:05:10,840 --> 00:05:12,592
Oh, pig feathers!

45
00:05:12,720 --> 00:05:15,712
Fate will direct him to me
so that l, in turn...

46
00:05:15,840 --> 00:05:18,434
may guide him to his rightful
place in the world.

47
00:05:18,560 --> 00:05:21,632
Huh! And-And you say he will
arrive in half an hour?

48
00:05:23,680 --> 00:05:26,990
Ha! Well, we'll just see.

49
00:05:27,120 --> 00:05:29,395
And you will, Archimedes.
You will.

50
00:05:29,520 --> 00:05:31,317
Ow!

51
00:05:32,560 --> 00:05:35,472
He'll be, uh, a boy.

52
00:05:35,600 --> 00:05:38,353
Small boy.

53
00:05:38,480 --> 00:05:41,756
Eleven, 12 years old.

54
00:05:41,880 --> 00:05:45,077
And a scrawny little fellow.

55
00:05:47,280 --> 00:05:49,635
Oh, no, no.
That can't be the one.

56
00:05:49,760 --> 00:05:53,196
Surely not. Why, that big lad
must be close onto 20.

57
00:05:53,320 --> 00:05:55,880
Ah. There he is.

58
00:05:56,000 --> 00:05:58,798
The scrawny little
fellow about 12.

59
00:05:58,920 --> 00:06:01,559
He's a regular
little grasshopper.

60
00:06:01,680 --> 00:06:04,148
Look at him go.

61
00:06:04,280 --> 00:06:08,034
And where-- where would you
guess he is at this very moment?

62
00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:10,628
I am not guessing,
Archimedes!

63
00:06:10,760 --> 00:06:14,435
I know where he is!

64
00:06:14,560 --> 00:06:19,076
Less than a mile from here
just beyond the forest.

65
00:06:19,200 --> 00:06:22,875
And right on schele,
if-if all goes well.

66
00:06:24,720 --> 00:06:28,076
- Quiet, Wart.
- I'm tryin' to be.

67
00:06:28,200 --> 00:06:32,318
And nobody asked you to
come along in the first place.

68
00:06:32,440 --> 00:06:36,228
- I'm not even movin'.
- Shut up.

69
00:06:36,360 --> 00:06:38,954
Aha! Here we go.

70
00:06:39,920 --> 00:06:42,150
Oh, what a set-up.

71
00:06:43,360 --> 00:06:45,999
Right smack through
the old gizzard.

72
00:06:49,640 --> 00:06:51,437
Whoa. What? Oh!

73
00:06:52,440 --> 00:06:54,795
Why, you clumsy,
little fool!

74
00:06:54,920 --> 00:06:59,550
Oh, Kay, please, I'm sorry.
I couldn't help it. Please.

75
00:06:59,680 --> 00:07:01,750
If I ever--

76
00:07:01,880 --> 00:07:04,599
If I ever get my hands on,
on you, I'll, I'll ring...

77
00:07:04,720 --> 00:07:07,314
your scrawny little neck,
so help me, I will.

78
00:07:07,440 --> 00:07:11,035
I'll get the arrow, Kay.
I'm sure I can find it.

79
00:07:13,800 --> 00:07:16,678
Don't tell me you're
going in there.

80
00:07:16,800 --> 00:07:19,189
Why, it's swarming with wolves.

81
00:07:19,320 --> 00:07:21,675
I'm not afraid.

82
00:07:21,800 --> 00:07:25,315
Well, go ahead.
It's your skin, not mine.

83
00:07:25,440 --> 00:07:27,476
Go on, go on.

84
00:07:55,320 --> 00:07:57,356
There it is.
Oh, there it is.

85
00:08:24,080 --> 00:08:26,799
Whoa! What-- Oh!

86
00:08:30,160 --> 00:08:31,957
Well.

87
00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:35,117
So, you, you did drop in
for tea after all.

88
00:08:36,440 --> 00:08:39,193
Oh, you are a bit late,
you know?

89
00:08:39,320 --> 00:08:42,835
- Oh, l, I am?
- Y es.

90
00:08:42,960 --> 00:08:45,679
Now, my name is Merlin.

91
00:08:46,800 --> 00:08:48,995
Come, come,
who are you, my lad?

92
00:08:49,120 --> 00:08:51,475
Oh, my name's Arthur,
but everyone calls me Wart.

93
00:08:52,120 --> 00:08:54,031
Oh.

94
00:08:54,160 --> 00:08:56,116
Oh, what a perfect
stuffed owl.

95
00:08:57,360 --> 00:08:59,635
Stuff--
l, l, I beg your pardon!

96
00:08:59,760 --> 00:09:02,035
He's alive and he talks.

97
00:09:02,160 --> 00:09:06,039
And certainly a great deal
better than you do.

98
00:09:06,160 --> 00:09:09,072
Oh, come, Archimedes.
Come, come now.

99
00:09:09,200 --> 00:09:11,873
I, I want you
to meet the Wart.

100
00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:14,833
Now, you must forgive him.
He's only a boy.

Ⅲ 英語國際音標,每個帶有例詞4個，例詞需要有整個詞的音標！

[e] yes/jes/ yellow/ˈjeləʊ/ bed/bed/ aspect/ˈæspekt/

[æ] cat/kæt/ bad/bæd/ dad/dæd/ hat/hæt/

[a:] are/a:/ car/ka:/ far/fa:/ branch/brɑːntʃ/

[כ] pot/pכt/ got/gכt/ dog/dכg/ log/lכg/

[כ:] call/kכ:l/ tall/tכ:l/ or/כ:/ ball/bɔ:l/

[۸] cut/k۸t/ nut/n۸t/ but/b۸t/ plug/plʌɡ/

[3:]curtain/ˈkɜ:tn/ further/ˈfɜ:ðə/ fur/fɜ:/ certain/ˈsɜːtn/

[ə]mother/ˈmʌðə/ color/ˈkʌlə/ cooler/ˈku:lə/ shooter/ˈʃu:tə/

[i] ink/ɪŋk/ big/big/ pig/pig/ link/lɪŋk/

[i:] jeep/dʒi:p/ tea/ti:/ eat/i:t/ see/si:/

[u] good/gud/ book/buk/ look/luk/ hook/hʊk/

[u:] cool/ku:l/ zoo/zu:/ tool/tu:l/ goose/ɡu:s/

雙母音
[ei] age/eɪdʒ/ eight/eit/ make/meik/ say/seɪ/

[ai] ice/ais/ bike/k/ nice/nais/ kite/kaɪt/

[כi]toy/tכi/ oil/כil/ boy/bכi/ soy/sɔi/

[əu] old/əuld/ joke/dʒəʊk/ gold/gəʊld/ load/ləʊd/

[au] cloud/klaud/ mouth/maʊθ/ cow/kau/ proud/praʊd/

[εə] air/εə/ fair/fεə/ chair/tʃeə/ bear/beə/

[iə] ear/iə/ near/niə/ year/jiə/ here/hiə/

[uə] cure/kuə/ re/ə/ pure/puə/ sure/suə/

輔音部分
[p] pot/pכt/ pig/pig/ put/put/ people/ˈpi:pl/ piano/piˈænəʊ/

[b] book/buk/ bag/bæg/ big/big/ job/dʒɒb/ but/b۸t/

[t] tooth/tu:θ/ teacher/ˈti:tʃə/ tea/ti:/ table/ˈteɪbl/ task/tɑ:sk/

[d] dog/dכg/ dig/dig/ ck/d۸k/ dad/dæd/ double/ˈdʌbl/

[k] cake/keik/ keep/ki:p/ cup/kʌp/ cap/kæp/

[g] grandpa/ˈɡrænpɑ:/ green/gri:n/ good/gud/ god/gʌd/

[f] father/ˈfa:ðə/ fat/fæt/ foot/fut/ fit/fit/

[v] five/faiv/ very/'veri/ vent/vent/ drive/draɪv/

[s] small/smɔ:l/ study/ˈstʌdi/ bus/bʌs/ must/mʌst/

[z] jazz/dʒæz/ zoo/zu:/ zero/ˈzɪərəʊ/ clothes/kləʊðz/

[θ] eighth/eɪtθ/ forth/fɔːθ/ tenth/tenθ/ eleventh/iˈlevnθ/

[δ] these/ði:z/ that/ðæt/ this/ðis/ there/ðεə/

[ʃ] cash/kæʃ/ bush/buʃ/ shake/ʃeik/ shoe/ʃu:/

[ʒ] measure/ˈmeʒə/ pleasure/ˈpleʒə/ leisure/ˈleʒə/

[tʃ] chair/tʃeə/ chicken/ˈtʃɪkɪn/ lunch/lʌntʃ/ church/tʃɜːtʃ/

[dʒ] jack/dʒæk/ job/dʒɒb/ change/tʃeɪndʒ/ exchange/ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/

[tr] tree/tri:/ truck/trʌk/ train/treɪn/ traffic/ˈtræfɪk/

[dr] dress/dres/ drink/drɪŋk/ drain/dreɪn/ dragon/ˈdræɡən/

[ts] students/ˈstjuːdənts/ coats/kəuts/ cats/kæts/ hats/hæts/

[dz] beds/bedz/ odds/ɒdz/ codes/kəudz/ boards/bɔ:dz/

[m] mum/mʌm/ moon/mu:n/ morning/ˈmɔːnɪŋ/ memorabilia/ˌmemərəˈbɪliə/

[n] moon/mu:n/ nut/nʌt/ needle/ˈniːdl/ neighborhood/ˈneibəhud/

[ŋ] ink/iŋk/ link/liŋk/ ring/riŋ/ think/θɪŋk/

[h] hello/həˈləʊ/ hurry/ˈhʌri/ hey/hei/ hand/hænd/

[l] look/luk/ leg/leg/ lake/leik/ lamb/læm/

[r] rain/rein/ radio/ˈreɪdiəʊ/ room/ru:m/ regular/ˈreɡjələ/

[w] window/ˈwɪndəʊ/ wind/wind/ wake/weik/ week/wi:k/

[j] yellow/ˈjeləʊ//jes/ yes you/ju:/ yield/jiːld/

Ⅳ PasteMask是助焊層 SolderMask是阻焊層

是的，Paste Mask是助焊層，Solder Mask是阻焊層。

相關介紹：

阻焊層就是solder mask，是指印刷電路板子上要上綠油的部分。實際上這阻焊層使用的是負片輸出，所以在阻焊層的形狀映射到板子上以後，並不是上了綠油阻焊，反而是露出了銅皮。

助焊層paste mask，是機器貼片時要用的，是對應所有貼片元件的焊盤的，大小與toplayer/bottomlayer層一樣，是用來開鋼網漏錫用的。

(4)ethregular擴展閱讀

阻焊層在控制迴流焊接工藝期間的焊接缺陷中的角色是重要的，PCB設計者應該盡量減小焊盤特徵周圍的間隔或空氣間隙。

雖然許多工藝工程師寧可阻焊層分開板上所有焊盤特徵，但是密間距元件的引腳間隔與焊盤尺寸將要求特殊的考慮。雖然在四邊的qfp上不分區的阻焊層開口或窗口可能是可接受的，但是控制元件引腳之間的錫橋可能更加困難。

對於bga的阻焊層，許多公司提供一種阻焊層，它不接觸焊盤，但是覆蓋焊盤之間的任何特徵，以防止錫橋。

參考資料來源：網路-阻焊層

參考資料來源：網路-PADS

Ⅳ 關於水果的知識 英文

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%AE%9E

The term fruit has many different meanings depending on context. In botany, a fruit is the ripened ovary—together with seeds— of a flowering plant. In many species, the fruit incorporates the ripened ovary and the surrounding tissues. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants disseminate seeds.[1]

In cuisine, when discussing fruit as food, the term usually refers to those plant fruits that are sweet and fleshy, examples of which include plums, apples and oranges. However, a great many common vegetables, as well as nuts and grains, are the fruit of that plant species.[2] No single terminology really fits the enormous variety that is found among plant fruits.[3] The cuisine terminology for fruits is inexact and will remain so.

The term false fruit (pseudocarp, accessory fruit) is sometimes applied to a fruit like the fig (a multiple-accessory fruit; see below) or to a plant structure that resembles a fruit but is not derived from a flower or flowers. Some gymnosperms, such as yew, have fleshy arils that resemble fruits and some junipers have berry-like, fleshy cones. The term "fruit" has also been inaccurately applied to the seed-containing female cones of many conifers.[4]

With most fruits pollination is a vital part of fruit culture, and the lack of knowledge of pollinators and pollenizers can contribute to poor crops or poor quality crops. In a few species, the fruit may develop in the absence of pollination/fertilization, a process known as parthenocarpy.[5] Such fruits are seedless. A plant that does not proce fruit is known as acarpous, meaning "without fruit".

Many foods are botanically fruit but are treated as vegetables in cooking. These include cucurbits (e.g., squash, pumpkin, and cucumber), tomato, peas, beans, corn, eggplant, and sweet pepper, spices, such as allspice and chillies.[2] Occasionally, though rarely, a culinary "fruit" will not be a true fruit in the botanical sense. For example, rhubarb may be considered a fruit, though only the petiole is edible.[7] In the culinary sense, a fruit is usually any sweet tasting plant proct associated with seed(s), a vegetable is any savoury or less sweet plant proct, and a nut any hard, oily, and shelled plant proct.[8]

Although a nut is a type of fruit, it is also a popular term for edible seeds, such as peanuts (which are actually a legume) and pistachios.[9] Technically, a cereal grain is a fruit termed a caryopsis. However, the fruit wall is very thin and fused to the seed coat so almost all of the edible grain is actually a seed. Therefore, cereal grains, such as corn, wheat and rice are better considered edible seeds, although some references list them as fruits.[10] Edible gymnosperms seeds are often misleadingly given fruit names, e.g. pine nuts, ginkgo nuts, and juniper berries.

A fruit is a ripened ovary. After the ovule in an ovary is fertilized in a process known as pollination, the ovary begins to ripen. The ovule develops into a seed and the ovary wall pericarp may become fleshy (as in berries or drupes), or form a hard outer covering (as in nuts). In some cases, the sepals, petals and/or stamens and style of the flower fall off. Fruit development continues until the seeds have matured. With some multiseeded fruits the extent to which the flesh develops is proportional to the number of fertilized ovules.[11]

The wall of the fruit, developed from the ovary wall of the flower, is called the pericarp. The pericarp is often differentiated into two or three distinct layers called the exocarp (outer layer - also called epicarp), mesocarp (middle layer), and endocarp (inner layer). In some fruits, especially simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary, other parts of the flower (such as the floral tube, including the petals, sepals, and stamens), fuse with the ovary and ripen with it. The plant hormone ethylene causes ripening. When such other floral parts are a significant part of the fruit, it is called an accessory fruit. Since other parts of the flower may contribute to the structure of the fruit, it is important to study flower structure to understand how a particular fruit forms.[4]

Fruits are so diverse that it is difficult to devise a classification scheme that includes all known fruits. Many common terms for seeds and fruit are incorrectly applied, a fact that complicates understanding of the terminology. Seeds are ripened ovules; fruits are the ripened ovaries or carpels that contain the seeds. To these two basic definitions can be added the clarification that in botanical terminology, a nut is not a type of fruit and not another term for seed, on the contrary to common terminology.[2]

There are three basic types of fruits:

Simple fruit
Aggregate fruit
Multiple fruit

Simple fruit
Simple fruits can be either dry or fleshy and result from the ripening of a simple or compound ovary with only one pistil. Dry fruits may be either dehiscent (opening to discharge seeds), or indehiscent (not opening to discharge seeds).[12] Types of dry, simple fruits (with examples) are:

achene - (buttercup)
capsule - (Brazil nut)
caryopsis - (wheat)
fibrous drupe - (coconut, walnut)
follicle - (milkweed)
legume - (pea, bean, peanut)
loment
nut - (hazelnut, beech, oak acorn)
samara - (elm, ash, maple key)
schizocarp - (carrot)
silique - (radish)
silicle - (shepherd's purse)
utricle - (beet)
Fruits in which part or all of the pericarp (fruit wall) is fleshy at maturity are simple fleshy fruits. Types of fleshy, simple fruits (with examples) are:

berry - (redcurrant, gooseberry, tomato, avocado)
stone fruit or drupe (plum, cherry, peach, apricot, olive)
false berry - Epigynous accessory fruits (banana, cranberry)
pome - accessory fruits (apple, pear, rosehip)

Aggregate fruit
An aggregate fruit, or etaerio, develops from a flower with numerous simple pistils.[13] An example is the raspberry, whose simple fruits are termed drupelets because each is like a small drupe attached to the receptacle. In some bramble fruits (such as blackberry) the receptacle is elongated and part of the ripe fruit, making the blackberry an aggregate-accessory fruit.[14] The strawberry is also an aggregate-accessory fruit, only one in which the seeds are contained in achenes.[15] In all these examples, the fruit develops from a single flower with numerous pistils.

Some kinds of aggregate fruits are called berries, yet in the botanical sense they are not.

[edit] Multiple fruit
Main article: Multiple fruit
A multiple fruit is one formed from a cluster of flowers (called an inflorescence). Each flower proces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass.[16] Examples are the pineapple, edible fig, mulberry, osage-orange, and breadfruit.

In the photograph on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) can be observed on a single branch. First an inflorescence of white flowers called a head is proced. After fertilization, each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes expand, they become connate (merge) into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarpet.[17]

There are also many dry multiple fruits, e.g.

Tuliptree, multiple of samaras.
Sweet gum, multiple of capsules.
Sycamore and teasel, multiple of achenes.
Magnolia, multiple of follicles.

[edit] Fruit chart
To summarize common types of fruit:

Berry -- simple fruit and seeds created from a single ovary
Pepo -- Berries where the skin is hardened, like cucurbits
Hesperidium -- Berries with a rind, like most citrus fruit
False berries -- Epigynous fruit made from a part of the plant other than a single ovary
Compound fruit, which includes:
Aggregate fruit -- multiple fruits with seeds from different ovaries of a single flower
Multiple fruit -- fruits of separate flowers, packed closely together
Other accessory fruit -- where the edible part is not generated by the ovary

Seedless fruits
Seedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce. Commercial cultivars of bananas and pineapples are examples of seedless fruits. Some cultivars of citrus fruits (especially navel oranges and mandarin oranges), table grapes, grapefruit, and watermelons are valued for their seedlessness. In some species, seedlessness is the result of parthenocarpy, where fruits set without fertilization. Parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination. Most seedless citrus fruits require a pollination stimulus; bananas and pineapples do not. Seedlessness in table grapes results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is proced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy which requires normal pollination and fertilization.[5]

[edit] Seed dissemination
Variations in fruit structures largely depend on the mode of dispersal of the seeds they contain. This dispersal can be achieved by animals, wind, water, or explosive dehiscence.[18]

Some fruits have coats covered with spikes or hooked burrs, either to prevent themselves from being eaten by animals or to stick to the hairs, feathers or legs of animals, using them as dispersal agents. Examples include cocklebur and unicorn plant.[19][20]

The sweet flesh of many fruits is "deliberately" appealing to animals, so that the seeds held within are eaten and "unwittingly" carried away and deposited at a distance from the parent. Likewise, the nutritious, oily kernels of nuts are appealing to rodents (such as squirrels) who hoard them in the soil in order to avoid starving ring the winter, thus giving those seeds that remain uneaten the chance to germinate and grow into a new plant away from their parent.[2]

Other fruits are elongated and flattened out naturally and so become thin, like wings or helicopter blades, e.g. maple, tuliptree and elm. This is an evolutionary mechanism to increase dispersal distance away from the parent via wind. Other wind-dispersed fruit have tiny parachutes, e.g. dandelion and salsify.[18]

Coconut fruits can float thousands of miles in the ocean to spread seeds. Some other fruits that can disperse via water are nipa palm and screw pine.[18]

Some fruits fling seeds substantial distances (up to 100 m in sandbox tree) via explosive dehiscence or other mechanisms, e.g. impatiens and squirting cucumber

Uses
Many hundreds of fruits, including fleshy fruits like apple, peach, pear, kiwifruit, watermelon and mango are commercially valuable as human food, eaten both fresh and as jams, marmalade and other preserves. Fruits are also in manufactured foods like cookies, muffins, yoghurt, ice cream, cakes, and many more. Many fruits are used to make beverages, such as fruit juices (orange juice, apple juice, grape juice, etc) or alcoholic beverages, such as wine or brandy.[22] Apples are often used to make vinegar.

Many vegetables are botanical fruits, including tomato, bell pepper, eggplant, okra, squash, pumpkin, green bean, cucumber and zucchini.[23] Olive fruit is pressed for olive oil. Spices like vanilla, paprika, allspice and black pepper are derived from berries.[24]

[edit] Nutritional value
Fruits are generally high in fiber, water and vitamin C. Fruits also contain various phytochemicals that do not yet have an RDA/RDI listing under most nutritional factsheets, and which research indicates are required for proper long-term cellular health and disease prevention.[1] Regular consumption of fruit is associated with reced risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke, Alzheimer disease, cataracts, and some of the functional declines associated with aging.[2]

[edit] Nonfood uses
Because fruits have been such a major part of the human diet, different cultures have developed many different uses for various fruits that they do not depend on as being edible. Many dry fruits are used as decorations or in dried flower arrangements, such as unicorn plant, lotus, wheat, annual honesty and milkweed. Ornamental trees and shrubs are often cultivated for their colorful fruits, including holly, pyracantha, viburnum, skimmia, beautyberry and cotoneaster.[25]

Fruits of opium poppy are the source of the drugs opium and morphine.[26] Osage orange fruits are used to repel cockroaches.[27] Bayberry fruits provide a wax often used to make candles.[28] Many fruits provide natural dyes, e.g. walnut, sumac, cherry and mulberry.[29] Dried gourds are used as decorations, water jugs, bird houses, musical instruments, cups and dishes. Pumpkins are carved into Jack-o'-lanterns for Halloween. The spiny fruit of burdock or cocklebur were the inspiration for the invention of Velcro.[30]

Coir is a fibre from the fruit of coconut that is used for doormats, brushes, mattresses, floortiles, sacking, insulation and as a growing medium for container plants. The shell of the coconut fruit is used to make souvenir heads, cups, bowls, musical instruments and bird houses.[31]

Ⅵ 宗山剖面

崗巴宗山剖面始於崗巴村東南約250 m處，向北北東方向測量至山頂，剖面長約2 km，岩層傾向東北，由西南向東北地層由老到新，出露的地層主要有下白堊統察且拉組，上白堊統冷青熱組、崗巴村口組、宗山組及古近系的基堵拉組和宗浦組。其地層層序及古生物學、沉積學等特徵如下：

古新統

宗浦組

下段

50.深灰色生物碎屑灰岩，風化面呈瘤狀，構成向斜核部，富含腹足類、雙殼類及有孔蟲等化石。有孔蟲主要有：Rotalia conoidalis，R.hensoni，R.oriental-is，R.pinariensis，R.lenticularis，R.sp.，Lockhartia cushmani，L.haimei，Smoutina corpuscula，S.cruysi 等；介形蟲有：Bairdia acrocaudalis，Cytherel-loidea seostata 等 47 m

49.深灰色厚層—塊狀灰岩，富含有孔蟲、腹足類及海膽等化石。有孔蟲主要有：Rotalia khani，R.conoidalis，R.hensoni，R.pinarensis，R.lenticularis，Lockhartia cushmani，L.haimei，L.hunti，Smoutina corpuscula 等；腹足類有：Velates sp.；海膽有：Echinolampas nuclus Martheron 等 31 m

48.灰黑色中層灰岩夾薄層泥灰岩，產有孔蟲、腹足類及雙殼類化石。有孔蟲主要有：Rotalia hensoni，R.pinarensis，R.trochidiformis，R.crassata，Lockhartia cushmani，Smoutina cruysi 等；腹足類有：Campanile brevius，Velates tibetica，Rhinoclavis pissarroi 等 16 m

47.深灰色塊狀灰岩，富含有孔蟲、介形蟲、海膽及腹足類等化石。有孔蟲主要有：Rotalia khani，R.conoidalis，R.hensoni，R.orientalis，R.pinarensis，R.lenticularis，R.sp.，Lockhartia cushmani，L.haimei，L.hunti，Smoutina corpuscula，S.cruysi 等；介形蟲有 Bairdia sp.；腹足類有：Campanile ganesha，Heligmotenta sp.，Diconomorpha elegans，Euspirocrommium cossmanni 等 22 m

-整 合

基堵拉組

46.黃褐色鐵質細粒石英砂岩及含礫長石中粒石英砂岩，未見化石 6.1 m

45.灰白色中—粗粒石英砂岩，未見化石 32.9 m

44.灰白色中—細粒石英砂岩，呈厚層塊狀，中部夾有灰色砂質灰岩。砂質灰岩中產有介形蟲、有孔蟲及雙殼類碎片。有孔蟲有：Rotalia khani，R.hen-soni，R.sp.，Miliolidae gen.et sp.Indet.，Verneuilina sp.等；介形蟲有：Bairdia fabaeformis，B.plana，B.ventrirotunda，B.sp.，Uroleberis inflata，U.imparilis，Cytherella firma，Propontocypris arrossa，Brachycythere xizangensis，Xestoleberis kangpaensis 等 132.5 m

43.灰白色中—細粒鈣質砂岩，含雙殼類、有孔蟲及介形蟲化石。有孔蟲有：Rotalia khani，R.hensoni，R.sp.，Smoutina cruysi，S.grandis，S.sp.；雙殼類有：Pholadomya clathrata，Mytilus arrialoorensis，Laevitrigonia（Eselaevitrigo-nia）cf.meridiana，Plaginostoma sp.，Cardium sp.，Granocardium（Ethmocardi-um）cf.whiteri，Xenocardita sp.等 6.4 m

-假 整 合

上白堊統

宗山組

上段

42.灰色中厚層生物碎屑灰岩 23.74 m

41.灰色薄層含生物碎屑微晶灰岩，含有孔蟲、雙殼類及珊瑚等化石。有孔蟲有：Omphalocyclus macroporus 16.59 m

40.灰色砂質灰岩，局部見膏鹽，呈條帶狀分布，風化面為褐黃色，含生物碎屑，產有孔蟲及雙殼類。有孔蟲：Omphalocyclus macroporus；雙殼類：Pinna sp.11.85 m

39.灰色中厚層生物碎屑微晶灰岩，含有孔蟲、雙殼類、珊瑚、腹足類等化石。有孔蟲：Orbitoides media，O.apiculata，Omphalocyclus macroporus 14.37 m

38.深灰色有孔蟲固著蛤灰岩，產有孔蟲、雙殼類、海膽、珊瑚等化石。有孔蟲：Orbitoides media，O.apiculata 8.40 m

37.灰色中層狀生物碎屑微晶灰岩。產有孔蟲、海膽、珊瑚等化石。有孔蟲：Omphalocyclus macroporus 5.90 m

36.灰色中厚層有孔蟲灰岩，產有孔蟲、雙殼類、海膽、珊瑚、腹足類等化石。有孔蟲：Orbitoides media，O.apiculata 11.15 m

35.黃灰色薄層鈣質細砂岩。產有孔蟲：Orbitoides apiculata 14.43 m

34.淺灰色生物碎屑灰岩。產有孔蟲：Orbitoides media，Omphalocyclus macroporus；雙殼類：Vepricardium sp.6.47 m

33.灰黑色中薄層有孔蟲灰岩。產有孔蟲：Orbitoides media，Omphalocyclus macrop-orus 10.07 m

下段

32.深灰色生物碎屑灰岩。產有孔蟲：Orbitoides tissoti，Goupillaudina lecoitrei；雙殼類：Bournonia haydeni，B.cf.haydeni，B.tibetica，Inoceramus（Catacera-mus）grandiformis，I.（C.）perlonga，Amphidonte ostracina 等 13.03 m

31.灰色薄層灰岩與薄層泥灰岩。產有孔蟲：Globotruncanita stuartiformis，Heterohe-lix cordatus，Orbitoides tissoti，Spiroplectammina caribbeana，S.praelaevis，Bolivina basbeckensis，B.ornate，Gaudryina helvetica；雙殼類：Protocardia hillanum，P.regularis，P.subtrigona，Neithea（N.）aequicostata，N.（N.）amanoi，Cer-atostreon spinosum，Aetostreon zongshanensis，Ostrea（O.）sp.88.18 m

30.灰色中層微晶灰岩，偶夾薄層或葉片狀泥灰岩或鈣質頁岩，含菊石、海膽等化石 13.85 m

29.灰色中層至中厚層微晶灰岩。產有孔蟲：Globotruncanita stuartiformis，Globotruncana linneiana，Heterohelix globulosa 22.88 m

28.灰色中層微晶灰岩夾黃綠色頁岩。產有孔蟲：Globotruncanita elevata，G.car-inata，Globotruncana linneiana，Dorothia stephensoni，D.conicula，D.oxycona，D.ovata，Ammobaculites indicus，A.phlegeri 10.54 m

27.深灰色中厚層微晶灰岩，偶夾泥岩。產有孔蟲 Globotruncanita elevata，G.car-inata，G.sp.，Globotruncana ventricosa，G.bulloides，G.linneiana，G.sp.，Rosita fornicata，Heterohelix globulosa，H.cordatus，H.navarroensis，Laevihetero-helix sp.，Globorotalites micheliniana，Dorothia oxycona，D.sp.，Lenticulina sp.，Oolina sp.，Ammobaculites indicus，A.phlegeri 等 12.80 m

26.灰色薄層泥灰岩。產有孔蟲、菊石等化石。有孔蟲有：Globotruncanita stuarti-formis，G.stuarti，G.carinata，G.elevata，G.sp.，Globotruncana bulloides，G.sp.，Rosita fornicata，Praeglobotruncana anomala，Heterohelix globulosa，H.cordatus；菊石有：Pachydiscus gangbaensis，P.bassae，Menabites pauciturculatus，M.（Australiella）zongshanensis，M.（Australiella）minor，M.（Delawarella）jeanneti，M.（Delawarella）subdelawarnsis，Submortoniceras xizangense，Baculites sparsinodosus，Baculites sp.，Pseudoschloenbachia angusta 15.57 m

-整 合

崗巴村口組

上段

25.灰色薄層泥灰岩。產有孔蟲：Hedbergella planispira，H.delrioensis，H.flan-drini，H.sp.，Whiteinella sp.，Heterohelix cordatus，H.carinata，H.reussi，H.globulosa，Dicarinella canaliculata，D.primitiva，D.asymetrica，D.sp.，Marginotruncana schneegansi，M.pseudolinneiana，M.coronata，M.sinuosa，Pseudoguembelina elegans，P.hariaensis，Dorothia sp.，Lenticulina sp.等 2.41 m

24.灰色薄層微晶灰岩夾黃綠色泥灰岩。產有孔蟲：Dicarinella imbricata，D.concavata，Marginotruncana pseudolinneiana，M.coronata，M.sinuosa，M.sp.，Globotruncanita carinata，G.globigerinoides，G.carinata，Whiteinella baltica，W.archaeocretacea，W.sp.，Hedbergella delrioensis，H.holmdelensis，H.sp.，Het-erohelix globulosa，H.cordatus，H.reussi，Dorothia sp.，Lenticulina sp.等 12.70 m

23.灰色薄層微晶灰岩與黃綠色頁岩互層。產有孔蟲、雙殼類化石。有孔蟲：Marginotruncana renzi，M.coronata，M.schneegansi，M.pseudolinneiana，M.sinuosa，M.sp.，Dicarinella imbricata，D.primitiva，D.concavata，Whiteinella baltica，W.archaeocretacea，W.sp.，Hedbergella orectus，H.delrioensis，H.planispira，H.flandrini，H.holmdelensis，H.sp.，Heterohelix globulosa，H.cordatus，H.reussi，H.sp.，Dorothia sp.，Lenticulina sp.，Dentalinoides sp.等；雙殼類：Ostrea（O.）cf.cymbula，Clavipholas triangularis 等 12.70 m

22.灰色薄層微晶灰岩夾黃綠色泥灰岩。產有孔蟲、雙殼類化石。有孔蟲：Marginotruncana paraconcavata，M.sigali，M.coronata，M.schneegansi，M.pseudolinneiana，M.sinuosa，M.sp.，Dicarinella imbricata，D.primitiva，D.concavata，Whiteinella archaeocretacea，Hedbergella orectus，H.delrioensis，H.planispira，H.flandrini，H.holzli，H.sp.，Heterohelix globulosa，H.cordatus，H.reussi，H.pulchra，Dorothia sp.，Lenticulina smileyi，L.sp.，Dentalinoides sp.等 27.92 m

21.灰色薄層微晶灰岩夾黃綠色頁岩。產有孔蟲、雙殼類化石。有孔蟲：Marginotruncana schneegansi，M.coronata，M.tarfayaensis，M.sinuosa，M.pseudolinneiana，M.sp.，Dicarinella imbricata，D.canaliculata，Whiteinella balti-ca，Hedbergella delrioensis，H.planispira，H.flandrini，H.holzli，H.sp.，Heterohelix globulosa，H.cordatus，H.reussi，H.pulchra，H.sp.，Dorothia sp.，Lenticulina smileyi，L.sp.，Notoplanulina sp.等 27.10 m

20.灰色厚層微晶灰岩與黃綠色泥頁岩互層。產有孔蟲：Marginotruncana schnee-gansi，M.coronata，M.tarfayaensis，M.sinuosa，M.pseudolinneiana，M.sp.，Dicarinella imbricata，D.canaliculata，Whiteinella baltica，W.parabia，W.brittonensis，W.archaeocretacea，W.inornata，Helvetoglobotruncana sp.，Hedbergella delrioensis，H.planispira，H.flandrini，H.holzli，H.orectus，H.crass，H.sp.，Heterohelix globulosa，H.cordatus，H.reussi，H.pulchra，H.moremani，H.sp.，Dorothia sp.，Lenticulina sp.，Notoplanulina sp.，Ophthalmid-ium sp.，Dentalinoides sp.，Oolina sp.，Valvulineria parva 等 28.12 m

下段

19.黃綠色泥頁岩。產有孔蟲：Marginotruncana schneegansi，M.renzi，Helve-toglobotruncana praehelvetica，H.sp.，Whiteinella baltica，Praeglobotruncana gibba，Hedbergella crass，H.orectos，H.delrioensis，H.sp.，Heterohelix globulosa，H.reussi，H.cordatus，H.sp.，Notoplanulina sp.等 13.65 m

18.灰色薄層微晶灰岩。產有孔蟲：Helvetoglobotruncana praehelvetica，Hedbergella orectus，Heterohelix reussi，Valvulineria parva 等 2.56 m

17.下部為薄層泥灰岩與黃綠色頁岩互層；上部為黃綠色頁岩含泥灰岩透鏡體。含有孔蟲、雙殼類化石。有孔蟲：Praeglobotruncana helvetica，Hedbergella crass，H.delrioensis，Whiteinella baltica，W.aprica，W.brittonensis，W.archaeocre-tacea，Helvetoglobotruncana praehelvetica，H.helvetica，Heterohelix globulosa，H.sp.，Dicarinella hagni，Marginotruncana schneegansi，M.renzi 等 11.09 m

16.黃綠色頁岩夾灰綠色泥灰岩薄層。產有孔蟲：Hedbergella portsdownensis，H.murphi，H.crass，H.delrioensis，H.simplex，Whiteinella baltica，W.archaeoc-retacea，Helvetoglobotruncana praehelvetica，H.helvetica，Heterohelix globulosa，Marginotruncana schneegansi，M.renzi，Lenticulina franki，L.warregoensis 等 13.65 m

15.淺灰色薄層灰岩。產有孔蟲：Hedbergella crass，H.delrioensis，Whiteinella baltica，W.aprica，W.archaeocretacea，Helvetoglobotruncana praehelvetica，H.helvetica，Heterohelix globulosa，Dicarinella hagni，Marginotruncana schneegansi，Haplophragmoides sp.等 2.56 m

14.灰綠色、黃綠色頁岩與灰色薄層泥灰岩互層。產有孔蟲及雙殼類。有孔蟲：Hedbergella portsdownensis，H.murphi，Whiteinella baltica，W.aprica，W.britto-nensis，W.archaeocretacea，Dicarinella hagni，D.elata，Spiroloculina sp.，Bi-planata peneropliformis；雙殼類：Camptonectes virgatus，Pycnodonte（Phygraea）cf.vesiculosa，P.（P.）cf.pseudovesicularis 12.80 m

13.黃綠色頁岩，含灰色泥灰岩結核。產有孔蟲及雙殼類。有孔蟲：Hedbergella portsdownensis，H.delrioensis，H.murphi，Whiteinella baltica，W.archaeocre-tacea，Helvetoglobotruncana praehelvetica，H.helvetica，Heterohelix globulosa，H.sp.，Dicarinella hagni，D.algerina，Marginotruncana schneegansi，Lenticulina fran-ki，L.warregoensis，Spiroloculina sp.，Miliammina sp.，Biplanata peneropliformis；雙殼類：Bakevellia subpseudorostrata，Phelopteria boeckhi，Inoceramus（Catacera-mus）sp.，I.（Endocostea）haydeni，Inoceramus（s.l.）cf.crippsi，I.（s.l.）flatus，I.（s.l.）sp.，Inoceramya（?）Xizangensis 42.5 m

-整 合

冷青熱組

12.灰黑色頁岩。產有孔蟲、雙殼類及介形蟲化石。有孔蟲有：Rotalipora appen-ninica，R.deekei，R.greenhornensis，R.cushmani，R.reicheli，R.montasl-vensis，Praeglobotruncana stephani，P.turbinate，P.gibba，P.aumalensis，Hed-bergella planispira，H.portsdownensis，H.simplex，H.delrioensis，Whiteinella baltica，W.aprica，W.brittonensis，W.archaeocretacea，Helvetoglobotruncana praehelvetica，Heterohelix globulosa，H.pulchra，H.reussi，H.sp.，Dicarinella algerina，D.elata，D.hagni，Clavihedbergella simplex，Globogerinelloides eaglefor-densis，G.bentonensis，Dorothia sphaeroidalis，D.conicula，D.gangbaensis，Lenticulina franki，L.warregoensis，L.sp.，Ammodiscus cretaceus，Gyroidina excre-ta，Gavelinella sp.，Textularia anacooraensis，T.sp.，Anomalina solis，Gyroidi-noides primitive，Gavelinolla intermedia，Dentalinoides sp.，Dentalina sp.，Tristix sp.，Lagena apiculata，L.sp.，Discorbis sp.，Nodosaria sp.，Lingulogavelinella sp.，Bigenerina sp.，Ammoglobigerina sp.，Gravellina sp.，Astacolus howchini，Ne-oflabellina leptodisca，Ammobaculites sp.，Quinqueloculina sp.，Eggerellia sp.92.39 m

11.黃綠色泥頁岩夾瘤狀灰岩，產有孔蟲、菊石等化石。有孔蟲有：Rotalipora appenninica，R.evoluta，R.greenhornensis，R.cushmani，R.reicheli，Prae-globotruncana stephani，P.turbinate，Dorothia sphaeroidalis，D.conicula，Lentic-ulina franki，Gyroidina excreta，G.tendami，Gyroidinoides primitive；菊石有：A-canthoceras sp.，Calycoceras newboldi 13.28 m

10.黑色頁岩。產有孔蟲：Rotalipora appenninica，R.evoluta，Hedbergella planispi-ra，Dorothia sphaeroidalis，Lenticulina franki，Gyroidinoides infracretacea，Anomalina solis 96.86 m

9.深灰色薄層角礫狀灰岩 1.2 m

8.深灰色粉砂岩夾薄層微晶灰岩。有孔蟲：Rotalipora appenninica 10.82 m

-整 合

下白堊統

察且拉組

7.黃綠、灰黑色粉砂質泥岩夾薄層鈣質粉砂岩。產有孔蟲：Globigerinelloides ea-glefordensis 20.50 m

6.黃綠色薄層粉砂岩夾鈣質砂岩薄層或透鏡體。產有孔蟲：Globigerinelloides ea-glefordensis 23.32 m

5.黃綠色薄層鈣質砂岩夾砂質灰岩 16.72 m

4.黃綠色薄層粉砂岩夾鈣質砂岩 20.26 m

3.黃綠色頁岩、泥質粉砂岩夾粉砂質泥岩薄層 34.27 m

2.黃綠色頁岩夾鈣質砂岩 10.03 m

1.灰黑色粉砂質泥岩夾粉砂岩薄層，偶夾泥灰岩薄層或透鏡體＞31.76 m

Ⅶ no squares什麼意思中文

no squares意思為沒有正方形。

squares

音標：英[skweəz] 美[skwerz]

詳細釋義：

n. 正方形; 四方形; 正方形物; (通常為方形的)廣場; 平方; 二次冪;

v. 使成正方形; 使成四方形; 使成平方; 使成二次冪; 挺直身子; 挺起胸膛;

短語搭配：

• addition squares加法平方

• least squares 最小平方

• sum of squares平方和

• table of squares平方表

例句：

1、Hebentthewireintotheshapeofasquare.

他把鐵絲折成正方形。

2、Clickthesquareiconagaintominimizethewindow.

再次點擊正方形圖標，把窗口最小化。

3、Thehallissquareincross-section.

大廳的橫截面是正方形的。

Ⅷ 納達爾的英文簡介

Zinedine Yazid Zidane (born 23 June 1972 in Marseille, France), popularly nicknamed Zizou is a former French football player of Kabyle ethnicity, whose parents immigrated to France from Kabylie, Algeria. Zidane has starred for both the French national team and four European club teams, most recently Real Madrid.

In the 1998 World Cup final, Zidane attracted international attention with two headed goals against Brazil that won his country's first ever FIFA World Cup title. He contributed to his teams' victories in the Euro 2000, the UEFA Champions League, and domestic championships in Italy and Spain.

Zidane was elected FIFA World Player of the Year a record-equalling three times (1998, 2000, 2003) and was named European Footballer of the Year in 1998. The world-record fee of 66 million for his transfer to Real Madrid in 2001 remains unequalled. In 2004, he topped the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll on Best European football player of the past 50 years, and was included in the FIFA 100, Pelé's list of the 125 greatest living footballers. At the 2006 FIFA World Cup, he played an inspiring role in his team's advancement to the final and was named Most Outstanding Player of the tournament, receiving the Golden Ball.

As announced on 25 April 2006,[2] Zidane retired from football after the 2006 World Cup Final on 9 July 2006

Early career, Cannes and Bordeaux (1988–1996)
Zidane got his start in football at an early age when he joined the junior team of US Saint-Henri, his local club in the La Castellane district of Marseille. On the recommendation of Saint-Henri's coach, he was then signed by Septemes Sports Olympiques. At the age of 14, Zidane left Septemes and participated in the first year junior selection for the league championship, where Jean Varraud, AS Cannes' recruiter, took notice of him. Zidane went to Cannes for what was intended to be a six-week stay, but remained at the club for four years to play with professionals. Afterwards, Zidane spent four years with FC Girondins de Bordeaux, leading them to victory in the 1995 Intertoto Cup and to a 2nd place in the 1995/96 UEFA Cup tournament. In Bordeaux, he met Bixente Lizarazu and Christophe Dugarry, with whom he played a set of midfield combinations that would become the trademark of both Bordeaux and the 1998 French national team. In 1996, he was transferred to Italy's Juventus F.C. for a fee of £ 3 million.

[edit] Turin and Madrid (1996–2006)
At Juventus, Zidane was one of the top players of Marcello Lippi's team, along with Didier Deschamps, Alessandro Del Piero, and Edgar Davids. His team won two Serie A titles and reached two consecutive UEFA Champions League finals, in 1997 and 1998, losing both, the latter to the Spanish club Real Madrid.

In 2001, Zidane was transferred to Real Madrid on a four-year contract. The transfer fee was 66 million, the highest in football history. His fellow Galacticos at Madrid included Raúl González, Luís Figo, Ronaldo, Roberto Carlos, and later David Beckham. He scored a spectacular winning goal in a 2-1 win over the German team Bayer Leverkusen in the 2001-2002 Champions League final at Glasgow's Hampden Park.

On 7 May 2006, Zidane played his last home game for Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu stadium. His team-mates wore special jerseys that had ZIDANE 2001–2006 written on the bottom of the club logo. The Real Madrid fans gave him a warm reception and kept cheering him throughout the game. The opposing team was Villarreal CF, and the game ended in a 3-3 draw. He scored the second goal for Real Madrid. After the game, Zidane swapped jerseys with Juan Román Riquelme, the Villarreal CF and Argentinian midfielder. Zidane was given an ovation by spectators chanting "merci", which left him in tears.

Zidane holds al citizenship of both France and Algeria, and therefore could have played for Algeria. However, coach Abdelhamid Kermali denied him a position on the team, arguing that the young midfielder was not fast enough.

He earned his first cap with the French national football team on 17 August 1994, coming on as a substitute in the 63rd minute of a friendly match against the Czech Republic. France was behind 0-2 when Zidane came on and scored two goals for a 2-2 draw.

At that time, manager Aimé Jacquet had planned to field the team around Manchester United star Éric Cantona, but after Cantona earned a year long suspension in January of 1995 (he launched a 'kung-fu' style kick against an allegedly abusive Crystal Palace fan, Matthew Simmons), Jacquet rearranged the team and positioned Zidane as playmaker. Despite criticism from fans and pundits regarding the choice of players, France made it to the semi-finals of the Euro 1996, the Czechs beat France on 6-5 on penalties (0-0 after extra time).

[edit] 1998 World Cup
Zidane was a member of the French national football team that won the 1998 FIFA World Cup. During France's second match of the first round, he received a red card and a two-game suspension in a 4-0 win over Saudi Arabia for stamping on Saudi Arabia's team captain Fuad Amin. Reports from people close to Zidane stated that Amin had provoked him verbally.[3] After scoring in the penalty shootout in the quarter-final against Italy, he scored his only regular goals of the tournament in the final against Brazil; both goals were headers off corner kicks ring the first half. France won the match 3-0 and obtained their first – and only to date – World Cup title.

[edit] 2000 European Championship
In the Euro 2000 tournament, Zidane helped his team reach the final with inspired play and important goals. He scored a direct free kick in the quarter-final against Spain and a golden goal penalty in the semi-final against Portugal. France went on to win the tournament by defeating Italy in the final, making it the first team in 34 years to hold both the World Cup and the European Cup. Subsequently, his team was ranked 1st in the world.

[edit] Injuries, retirement and comeback (2002–2006)

Zidane in year 2004.A thigh injury prevented Zidane from playing in France's first two matches of the 2002 FIFA World Cup. He rushed back from his injury to play in the third game, but could not perform at his usual level.[4] France was eliminated in the first round without scoring a single goal, and the attempt at defending the World Cup title was unsuccessful.

In the Euro 2004 tournament, Zidane and his team started strongly, and he scored a free kick and a penalty in a come-from-behind victory against England in the group stage. On 12 August 2004, after France was upset in the quarter-finals to the eventual winners, the Greek national football team, Zidane retired from international football.[5]

However, after France experienced problems in qualifying for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Zidane announced on 3 August 2005 that he was coming back to play for France and was reinstated as captain of the national team.[6] He made his competitive return in the 3-0 FIFA World Cup qualifier win against the Faroe Islands on 3 September 2005, and France went on to win their qualifying group.[7]

On 25 April 2006, after an injury-plagued season at Real Madrid, Zidane announced that he would retire from professional football following the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals in Germany.[8]

On 27 May 2006, Zidane earned his 100th cap for France in a 1-0 victory over Mexico at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis on the outskirts of Paris. It was his last match in the stadium, and he became only the fourth French player after Marcel Desailly, Didier Deschamps and Lilian Thuram to earn a hundred national caps. He was substituted early in the second half.[9]

[edit] 2006 World Cup

A French girl celebrating "Zizou"In the closing minutes of France's second match of the 2006 FIFA World Cup, against South Korea, Zidane received a yellow card for a late tackle, his second booking of the tournament. As a result, he was suspended from the third and final match of the group stage.[10] France nonetheless beat Togo 2-0, allowing Zidane to play in the knockout stage, from which he would score or assist in every match afterwards.[11] He returned to the pitch in the Round of 16 match against Spain. Zidane set up Patrick Vieira for the second goal by sending a free kick into the penalty area. During stoppage time, he scored the final goal of the match for a 3-1 victory.

The win sent France into a quarter-final against defending champions Brazil, in a rematch of the 1998 final. Zidane's set piece free-kick led to a goal by Thierry Henry, giving France a 1-0 win over the Seleção. Despite the score, France had thoroughly outplayed Brazil in the match, only facing one shot on goal, while Zidane created numerous scoring chances with his dribbles past defenders, displaying some of his trademark juggling as Brazillians swarmed around him. He was named Man of the Match by FIFA's Technical Study Group.[12] In the semi-final against Portugal four days later, Zidane scored a penalty kick against Ricardo for the only goal of the match and saw France through to the final against Italy.

On 9 July, Zidane played his second World Cup final—his final game—and scored in the 7th minute from the penalty spot with a chip shot that hit the crossbar before narrowly bouncing behind the goal line. He became one of only four footballers to achieve the feat of scoring in two different World Cup finals, sharing the honour with Pelé, Paul Breitner, and Vavá. This goal also made him one of the top goalscorers in World Cup final matches, with 3 goals, tied for first place with Vavá, Geoff Hurst and Pelé. He was sent off (see below) in the 110th minute, and thus did not participate in the penalty shootout which Italy won 5-3. Despite the subsequent controversy over his offence in the final, Zidane was awarded the Golden Ball as Best Player in the 2006 World Cup.[13]

[edit] Confrontation with Marco Materazzi

Zinedine Zidane headbutting Marco Materazzi ring the 2006 World Cup Final (see animated image, video, front angle video)In the 110th minute of the World Cup final against Italy, Zidane was sent off for headbutting Marco Materazzi in the chest in an off the ball incident. The two players exchanged words before Zidane began to walk away from him. Materazzi then said something to Zidane, who turned around, made a run-up and head-butted Materazzi in the chest, sending him to the ground. Although play was halted, referee Horacio Elizondo did not appear to have seen the confrontation. According to match official's reports, Fourth official Luis Medina Cantalejo informed Elizondo of the incident through his earphones. After consulting his assistant referees, Elizondo showed Zidane the red card and sent him off.

[edit] Provocation
Since video footage suggested that Materazzi had provoked Zidane, newspapers had lip readers try to determine what Materazzi had said, coming up with a variety of insults. In his first, highly awaited comments since the World Cup final, the French soccer star only partly explained what caused him to react in fury and head-butt an Italian opponent: repeated harsh insults about his mother and sister.[14] Materazzi admitted insulting Zidane, but said that Zidane's behavior had been very arrogant. He stressed that the insults had been trivial.[15][16] Zidane later stated that Materazzi had seriously and repeatedly insulted his mother and his sister and that he would "rather have taken a blow to the face than hear that". He also apologized to viewers, particularly children and ecators, but said that he did not regret his offence because he felt that this would condone Materazzi's actions.[17] Two months later, in continuing to assert that his comments had been trivial, Materazzi refused to apologize to Zidane, but stated his desire for reconciliation. He also offered his version of events, claiming that after grabbing Zidane's shirt, Zidane had sarcastically offered it to him, and that he replied to Zidane that he would prefer his sister.[18]

[edit] Reactions
After the final, President Jacques Chirac hailed Zidane as a national hero and called him a "man of heart and conviction".[19] Chirac later added that he found the offence to be unacceptable, but that he understood that Zidane had been provoked.[20] President Abdelaziz Bouteflika of Algeria expressed his solidarity with Zidane in a letter of support.[21] French newspaper Le Figaro called the headbutt "odious" and "unacceptable".[22] The editor-in-chief of French sports daily L'Équipe compared Zidane's greatness to Muhammad Ali's, but added that Ali, Jesse Owens and Pelé had never "broken the most elementary rules of sport" as Zidane had. He questioned how Zidane could explain the offence to "millions of children around the world", but apologized the following day.[23] A commentator for TIME magazine regarded the incident as a symbol for Europe's "grappling with multi-culturalism".[24] Zidane's sponsors announced that they would stick with him.[25] The incident was extensively lampooned on the internet and in popular culture.

FIFA investigation
In light of Zidane's statements, FIFA opened disciplinary proceedings to investigate the incident.[26] FIFA also affirmed the legality of Horacio Elizondo's decision to send Zidane off, rejecting claims that fourth official Luis Medina Cantalejo had illegally relied on video transmission before informing Elizondo about Zidane's misconct.[27] As a result of its investigation, FIFA issued a CHF5000 fine and a two-match ban against Materazzi, while Zidane received a three-match ban and a CHF7500 fine. According to FIFA, both players had stressed that Materazzi's comments had been defamatory, but not of a racist nature. Since Zidane was already retired at the time, he voluntarily served three days of community service on FIFA's behalf, as a substitute for the three-match ban.[28]
回答者： arlee - 經理 五級 11-17 23:15
Rafael "Rafa" Nadal Parera (IPA: [rafa'el na'ðal]) (born June 3, 1986, in Manacor, Mallorca) is a Spanish tennis player. As of October 2006, he is the World No. 2. Nadal's clay-court winning streak stands at 62 matches, the longest among male players in the open era.

拉法埃爾·納達爾（Rafael Nadal Parera，1986年6月3日—），西班牙職業網球運動員，出生於西班牙馬略卡（Mallorca），於2002年轉入職業網壇。由於納達爾在紅土場有優異表現，故被網球界譽為新一代紅土之王，在法網首圈勝出後，他打破了阿根廷球手比拉斯(Guillermo Vilas)保持的53場紅土賽連勝紀錄。他因為個人喜歡穿著海盜服，被球迷取以綽號海盜。

－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－

另外一個納達兒
Nadar was born in Paris (although some sources state Lyon). He was a caricaturist for Le Charivari in 1848. In 1849 he created the Revue comique and the Petit journal pour rire. He took his first photographs in 1853 and in 1858 became the first person to take aerial photographs.

Nadar portrait of Sarah BernhardtAround 1863, Nadar built a huge (6000 m³) hot air balloon named Le Géant ("The Giant"), thereby inspiring Jules Verne's Cinq semaines en ballon (Five Weeks in a Balloon). The "Géant" project was unsuccessful and convinced him that the future belonged to heavier-than-air machines. Afterwards "The Society for the Encouragement of Aerial Locomotion by Means of Heavier than Air Machines" was established, with Nadar as president and Jules Verne as secretary.

In April 1874, he lent his photo studio to a group of painters, thus making the first exhibition of the Impressionists possible. He photographed Victor Hugo on his death-bed in 1885. He is credited with having published (in 1886) the first photo-interview (of famous chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul, then a centenary), and also took erotic photographs.

On his passing in 1910, Nadar was buried in Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. The character of "Michel Ardan" in Verne's De la Terre à la Lune (From Earth to the Moon) is inspired by Nadar.

納達爾 (攝影家)（Nadar），原名 Gaspard-Félix Tournachon，法國作家、漫畫家和攝影師