ethbioinformatics
Ⅰ 第六節 常用生物醫葯學詞彙（Vocabularies of bio-medical sciences）
forehead額頭，temple太陽穴，hair頭發，skull顱骨，頭蓋骨，bald head禿頭，neck脖子，face臉，cheek臉頰，ear耳，ear drum耳膜，auditory canal耳道，eye眼，lid眼瞼，eyebrow眉毛，eyelid睫毛，pupil瞳孔，iris虹膜，nose鼻子，nostril鼻孔，nasal cavity鼻腔，philtrum人中，mouth嘴，lip嘴唇，throat咽喉，tonsil扁桃腺，tooth牙齒，denture假齒，gum牙齦，crown齒冠，root/fang齒根，tongue舌頭，`uvula小舌，tonsil扁桃體，vocal cord聲帶，chin下巴，jaw顎，mustache小鬍子，beard山羊鬍，whisker絡腮胡，sidebums鬢角，wrinkle皺紋，mole痣，freckle 雀斑，dimple酒渦，pimple粉刺；
nipple乳頭，chest胸部，navel肚臍，abdomen腹部，shoulder肩，back背，waist腰，hip臀部，buttock屁股，collarbone 鎖骨，rib肋骨，backbone脊骨，脊柱，breastbone胸骨，joint關節，pelvis 骨盆，sinew肌腱，muscle肌肉，bone骨，skeleton骨骼，blood vessel血管，vein靜脈，artery動脈，capillary毛細血管，nerve神經，spinal marrow脊髓；
armpit腋下，arm手臂，elbow手肘，wrist手腕，hand手，handback手背，hand palm手掌，finger手指，thumb大拇指，forefinger/index finger食指，middle finger中指，ring finger無名指，little finger小指，nail指甲，fist拳頭，leg腿，thigh大腿，shank小腿，knee膝，knee joint膝關節，kneecap膝蓋，calf腿肚，ankle腳踝，foot足，instep腳背，sole腳掌，heel後跟，toe腳趾；
respiratory tract呼吸道，GI tract/alimentary canal消化道，trachea/windpipe氣管，thyroid gland甲狀腺，lymph node淋巴結，esophagus/gullet食管，lung肺，heart心臟，diaphragm隔膜，stomach胃，liver肝臟，gallbladder膽囊，odenum十二指腸，appendix闌尾，small intestine小腸，large intestine大腸，colon結腸，rectum直腸，anus肛門，bladder膀胱，pancreas胰腺，spleen脾，kidney腎，urine尿道，ovary卵巢，womb子宮；
CNS(central nervous system)中樞神經系統，PNS(peripheral nervous system) 外周神經系統，brain腦，cerebrum大腦，cerebellum小腦，brainstem腦干，motor nerve運動神經，sensory nerve感覺神經；
gland腺體，endocrine gland內分泌腺，pituitary gland腦垂體，hypothalamus下丘腦，adrenal gland腎上腺，sex gland性腺。
tissue組織，organ器官，evolution進化， homeostasis穩態， kingdom界，phylum門，class綱，order目，family科，genus屬，species種，prokaryotes原核細胞，eukaryotes真核細胞，structure結構，function功能，ecological system生態系統，environment環境，anatomy解剖學，bioengineering生物工程，bioinformatics生物信息學，biomedical research生物醫葯研究，biophysics生物物理，biotechnology生物技術，botany植物學，developmental biology發育生物學，genetics遺傳學，microbiology微生物學，neuroscience神經科學，pathology病理學，physiology生理學，psychology心理學，zoology動物學；
organelle細胞器，centrosome中心體，membrane膜，plasma membrane細胞膜，cell wall細胞壁，chloroplast葉綠體，cilium纖毛，cytoplasm細胞質，cytoskeleton細胞骨架，rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum粗面/光面內質網，endosomes內體，golgi apparatus高爾基體，lipid bilayer脂質雙分子層，lysosome溶酶體，microvilli微絨毛，mitochondrion線粒體，nucleus細胞核，peroxisome過氧化物酶體，ribosome核糖體，vacuole液泡，vesicle囊泡，growth生長，development發育，divide分化，proliferation增殖，replication復制，regeneration復生，specialization分化，migration遷移，cell death死亡，necrosis壞死，apoptosis凋亡，mitosis有絲分裂，meiosis減數分裂，cell cycle細胞周期，active/passive transport主動/被動運輸，autophagy自噬，adhesion附著，cell signaling pathway細胞信號通路，transcription轉錄，translation翻譯；cell culture細胞培養，immunostaining免疫染色，DNA microarray DNA陣列晶元，mutation突變，inheritance遺傳，knockdown敲低，knockout敲除，PCR，transfection轉染，cell fractionation細胞器分離，flow cytometry流式細胞儀，immunoprecipitation免疫沉澱，protein extraction蛋白質分離，intracellular胞內，endocytosis吞噬作用，photosynthesis光合作用，respiration呼吸作用；
metabolism代謝，macromolecule生物大分子，nucleic acid核酸，protein蛋白，carbohydrate碳水化合物，lipid脂質，fatty acid脂肪酸，amino acid氨基酸，nutrition營養，chromatography色譜分析法，X-ray diffraction X射線衍射，Dual polarisation interferometry雙偏振干涉法，NMR spectros核磁共振，radioisotopic labeling同位素標記，electron micros電子顯微鏡，molecular dynamics simulations分子動態模擬，enzyme酶，enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）酶聯免疫吸附測定， monosaccharide單糖，oligosaccharide寡糖，polysaccharide多糖，glucose葡萄糖，saccharose/sucrose蔗糖，fructose果糖，lactose乳糖，deoxyribose脫氧核糖，cellulose纖維素，glycogen糖原，sodium pyruvate丙酮酸鈉，tricarboxylic acid cycle/Krebs cycle三羧酸循環，Adenosine TriPhosphate三磷酸腺苷，phospholipids磷脂，glycolipids糖脂，sphingolipids鞘磷脂，glycerol甘油，triglyceride甘油三脂，hydrophilic親水的，hydrophobic疏水的，amphiphilic兩親的，cholesterol膽固醇，sterols固醇類，essential amino acid（isoleucine，leucine，lysine，methionine，phenylalanine，threonine，tryptophan，valine，arginine，histidine），nonessential amino acids（alanine，asparagine，aspartate，cysteine，glutamate，glutamine，glycine，proline，serine，tyrosine），primary structure一級結構，secondary structure二級結構，α-helix，β-sheet，tertiary structure三級結構，quaternary structure四級結構，deoxyribonucleic acid（DNA），reverse反向，complementary互補，purine嘌呤，pyrimidine嘧啶，adenine腺嘌呤，guanine鳥嘌呤，cytosine胞嘧啶，thymine胸腺嘧啶，uracil尿嘧啶，second messenger第二信使，glycolysis糖酵解，acetyl-CoA乙醯輔酶A，gluconeogenesis糖異生，phosphorylation磷酸化作用，kinase激酶，hormone激素；
molecular cloning分子克隆，polymerase聚合酶，plasmid質粒，antibiotic resistance抗生素抗性，promotor region啟動子區域，transformation轉化，electropho`resis電泳，Western blotting蛋白印跡，Southern blotting DNA印記，Northern blotting RNA印記，transgenic mice轉基因小鼠，allele等位基因，agarose瓊脂糖，polyacrylamide聚丙烯醯胺，buffer緩沖液，electrostatic force靜電力，salt bridge鹽鍵，Van der Waals force范德華力，subunit亞基，allosteric effect變構效應，covalent interaction共價作用，polar極性的，antigen抗原，antibody抗體，ligand配體，receptor受體，reversible可逆的，competitive競爭性的，regulation調節，asymmetry不對稱；
pharmacy/pharmaceutical sciences葯學，pharmaceutical chemistry 葯物化學，pharmacology葯理學，pharmacodynamics葯效學，pharmaceutics制劑學，pharmacognosy生葯學，toxicology毒理學，drug action葯物作用，etiological treatment對因治療，symptomatic treatment對症治療，adverse reaction不良反應，side effect副作用，toxic reaction毒性反應，allergy reaction變態反應，agonist激動劑，antagonist拮抗劑，inhibitor抑制劑，efficacy效能，placebo安慰劑，potency效價，first pass effect首過效應，bioavailability生物利用度，half-life time半衰期，steady state plasma concentration穩態血葯濃度，physical dependence軀體依賴性，psychic dependence精神依賴性，tolerance耐受性，resistance耐葯性，additive附加劑，desiccant乾燥劑，drug excretion葯物排泄，drug absorption葯物吸收，drug interaction葯物相互作用，drug elimination葯物消除，drug accumulation葯物蓄積，carcinogenic test致癌實驗，teratogenic test致畸實驗，sensitization test致敏實驗；
average dose平均劑量，minimal/maximum dose最小/大有效量，daily dose日劑量，multiple dose多計量，divided dose分次劑量，overdose過量，fatal/lethal dose致死量，single dose單次劑量，indicated dose有效劑量，standard dose合適劑量，initial/beginning/starting dose首次劑量，suggested/recommended dose推薦劑量，maintenance dose維持量，therapeutic dose治療劑量，usual/normal dose常用劑量，every…hours，intervals of…，once/twice a day，every other day，divided into…doses；
adolescents，infant，alt，male/female，newborns，children，debilitated patients（體弱患者），pregnant women，senile patient（老年患者）；
intra-arterially，oral/by mouth，intragluteally臀部注射，intramuscularly，intraperitoneally腹腔給葯，intravenously靜脈，intrapleurally胸腔，intraarticatar關節，intranasal鼻內，locally局部，subcutaneously皮下，sublingually舌下，submucously粘膜下，aerosol噴霧，per rectum直腸，by lumbar腰椎給葯；
aerosol/spray/inhaler氣霧劑，ampoule針劑/安瓿，capsules膠囊，oral solution口服液，coated tablets包衣片，pill丸劑，cream乳膏，powder粉劑，retard capsules緩釋膠囊，dragee糖衣丸，drops滴劑，emulsion乳劑，suppository栓劑，granule顆粒，suspension混懸液，injection針劑，liniment搽劑，syrup糖漿，liquid液劑，ointment葯膏，mixture合劑，adjuvant佐劑；
acidosis酸中毒，alkalosis鹼中毒，alcoholism /alcoholic intoxication酒精中毒，anaphylaxis過敏反應，anemia貧血，arteriosclerosis動脈硬化，apoplexy中風，auricular fibrillation心房纖顫，asthma哮喘，bronchitis支氣管炎，pneumonia肺炎，carcinoma癌，cardiac arrhythmia心率紊亂，cardiac failure心衰，cardiomyopathy心肌症，cirrhosis肝硬化，diabetes糖尿病，dysentery痢疾，enteritis腸炎，gastric ulcer胃潰瘍，gastritis胃炎，gout痛風，hepatitis肝炎，hyperipemia高脂血症，hypertension高血壓，hyperthyroidism甲亢，hypoglycemia低血糖，influenza流感，leukemia白血病，lymphoma淋巴瘤，malaria瘧疾，malnutrition營養不良，measles麻疹，nephritis腎炎，pancreatitis胰腺炎，renal failure腎衰，rheumatic fever風濕病，rheumatoid arthritis類風濕性關節炎，scarlet fever猩紅熱，septicemia敗血症，syphilis梅毒，tumor腫瘤，ulcerative colitis潰瘍性結腸炎，upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage上消化道出血；
brain `abscess腦膿腫，cerebral embolism腦栓塞，cerebral infarction腦梗死，cerebral hemorrhage腦出血，concussion腦震盪，epilepsy癲癇，intracranial tumor顱內腫瘤，meningitis腦膜炎，migraine偏頭疼，neurasthenia神經衰弱，neurosis神經官能症，Parkinson』s disease帕金森綜合症，Alzheimer』s disease老年痴呆，psychosis精神病，schizophrenia精神分裂症，bipolar disorder躁鬱症，attention deficit hyperactivity disorder注意力不集中ADHD，delusion/hallucination幻覺；
acute pancreatitis急性胰腺炎，acute diffuse peritonitis急性彌漫性腹膜炎，anal fissure/fistula肛裂/簍，anesthesia麻醉，angioma血管瘤，appendicitis闌尾炎，burn燒傷，colon carcinoma，esophagus carcimnoma，hepatocellular carcinoma，cholecystitis膽囊炎，cholelithiasis膽結石，joint dislocation關節脫臼，fracture骨折，haemorrhoid痔，prostate hypertrophy前列腺腫大，intestinal obstruction腸梗阻，lipoma脂肪瘤，lithangiuria尿路結石，liver abscess肝膿腫，osseous tuberculosis骨結核，osteroporosis骨質疏鬆症，osteosarcoma骨肉瘤，prostatitis前列腺炎，rectal polyp直腸息肉，spleen rapture脾破裂，tetanus破傷風，trauma創傷，urinary infection泌尿感染；
acute necrotic enteritis急性壞死性結腸炎，ancylostomiasis鉤蟲病，ascariasis蛔蟲病，newborn asphyxia新生兒窒息，atrial septal defect房間隔缺損，cephalhematoma頭顱血腫，cerebral palsy腦癱，convulsion驚厥，Down』s syndrome唐氏綜合症，hemophilia血友病，infantile diarrhea嬰兒腹瀉，intussusception腸套疊，neonatal jaundice新生兒黃疸，poliomyelitis脊髓灰質炎，premature infant早產，progressive muscular dystrophy進行性肌肉營養不良，rickets佝僂病，newborn sepsis新生兒敗血症，thrush真菌性口炎，varicella水痘；
aborion流產，dystocia難產，eclampsia子癇，infertility不育症，irregular menstruation月經失調，pelvic inflammatory disease盆腔炎，pregnancy-hypertension syndrome妊娠高血壓，postpartum hemorrhage產後出血；
amblyopia弱視，astigmatism散光，cataract白內障，color blindness色盲，glaucoma青光眼，hyperopia遠視，myopia近視，heterotropia斜視，iritis虹膜炎，keratitis角膜炎，chalazion麥粒腫，tonsillitis扁桃體炎，tinnitus耳鳴，deafness耳聾，labyrinthitis內耳炎，otitis media中耳炎，pharyngitis咽炎，rhinitis鼻炎；
Bensylpenicillin / Penicillin G青黴素/青黴素G，Amoxicillin阿莫西林，Cefalexin/Cephalexin/Keflex先鋒IV，Amikacin阿米卡星，Gentamycin慶大黴素，Streptomycin鏈黴素，Erythromycin紅黴素，Roxithromycin羅紅黴素，Acetylspiramycin乙醯螺旋黴素，Tetracycline四環素，Oxytetracycline土黴素，Chloramphenicol氯黴素，Sulfadiazine磺胺嘧啶，Trimethoprim加氧苄啶，Furazolidone呋喃唑酮，Norfloxacin諾氟沙星，Ofloxacin氧氟沙星，Ciprofloxacin環丙沙星，Metronidazole甲硝唑，Aciclovir阿昔洛韋，Moroxydine嗎啉胍；
Chloroquine氯喹，Nitroquine硝喹，Quinine奎寧/金雞納霜，Artemisinin青蒿素，Pyrimethamine乙胺嘧啶；
iperazine哌嗪/祛蛔靈，Pyrantel噻嘧啶/抗蟲靈，Albendazole阿苯達唑；
Aspirin/Acetylsalicyclic Acid阿司匹林/乙醯水楊酸，Paracetamol/Acetaminophen撲熱息痛/對乙醯氨基酚，Ibuprofen布洛芬，Ketoprofen酮洛芬，Pethidine/Dolantin哌替啶/杜冷丁，Morphine嗎啡；
Losartan氯沙坦，Valsartan纈沙坦，Nifedipine硝苯地平，verapamil維拉帕米，Nicardipine尼卡地平，Propranolol普萘洛爾，Nitroglycerin硝酸甘油，Lovastatin洛伐他丁，Colestipol降膽寧，Nicotinic acid煙酸，Eicosapentaenoic acid二十碳五烯酸EPA，docosahexaenoic acid二十二碳六烯酸DHA，Linoleic acid亞油酸，
Codeine/Methylmorphine可待因/甲基嗎啡，Pentoxyverine/Carbetapentane噴托維林/咳必清，Dioxopromethazine二氧丙嗪；Ephedrine麻黃鹼，dextromethorphan右美沙芬，Bromhexine溴己新，Ambroxol氨溴索，
Domperidone/Motiliun嗎丁啉，Compound bismuth aluminate胃必治，Cimetidine西咪替丁，Weisen-U胃仙U，Belladonna顛茄，Methylatropine Bromide溴甲阿托品/胃瘍平，Metoclopramide甲氧氯普胺；
Alcohol乙醇，Sodium benzoate苯甲酸鈉，Iodine碘，Hydrogen peroxide雙氧水，Potassium Permanganate高錳酸鉀；Procaine普魯卡因，Lidocaine利多卡因，Isoflurane異氟烷，Nitrous oxide氧化亞氮，Ketamine氯胺酮，Sodium oxybate羥丁酸鈉，Thiopental sodium硫噴妥鈉，Propofol丙泊酚；
Fluocinolone acetonide膚輕松，Clotrimazole克霉唑，Miconazole達克寧；
Diphtheria antitoxin白喉抗毒素，Tetanus antitoxin破傷風抗毒素，Rabies antiserum抗狂犬病血清；
Hydrogen氫，Helium氦，Lithium鋰，Beryllium鈹，Boron硼，Carbon碳，Nitrogen氮，Oxygen氧，Fluorine氟，Neon氖，Sodium鈉，Magnesium鎂，Aluminium鋁，Silicon硅，Phosphorus磷，Sulfur硫，Chlorine氯，Argon氬，Potassium鉀，Calcium鈣，Iron鐵，Nickel鎳，Copper銅，Zinc鋅，Bromine溴，Silver銀，Tin錫，Iodine碘，Platinum鉑，Gold金，Mercury汞，Lead鉛，Periodic table元素周期表
Hydrogen chloride氯化氫，Carbon monoxide/dioxide一/二氧化碳，Acid酸，Alkali鹼，Salt鹽，Oxide氧化物，Sodium hydroxide氫氧化鈉，Sulfuric acid硫酸，Nitric acid硝酸，Phosphoric acid磷酸，Carbonic acid碳酸，Sodium chloride氯化鈉，Perchloric acid高氯酸，Chloric acid氯酸，Chlorous acid亞氯酸，hypochlorous acid次氯酸，Sodium carbonate碳酸鈉，Sodium bicarbonate碳酸氫鈉，Potassium sulfate硫酸鉀，Calcium nitrate硝酸鉀，water水，hydrogen peroxide雙氧水，
iso-異，neo-新，cis-順，trans-反，pri-伯，sec-仲，tert-叔，ortho-鄰，meta-間，para-對，-ane…烷，-ene…烯，-yne/ine…炔，methane甲烷，ethene乙烯，butene丁烯，butadiene丁二烯，butatriene丁三烯，ethyne乙炔，butyne丁炔，hexadiyne己二炔，cyclohexane環己烷，methyl甲基，ethyl乙基，propyl丙基，3-methyl-1-butene3-甲基-1-丁烯，benzene苯，1,3,5-trimethylbenzene1,3,5-三甲苯，chlorobenzene氯苯，nitrobenzene硝基苯，phenol苯酚，aniline苯胺，methanol甲醇，ethanol乙醇，glycerin/propanetriol甘油/丙三醇，1,4-benzenediol 1,4-苯二酚，diethyl ether乙醚，ethyl methyl ether甲乙醚，1,2-dimethoxyethane 1,2-二甲氧基乙烷，methanal甲醛，ethanal乙醛，propanone/dimethyl ketone丙酮/二甲基酮，cyclohenanone環己酮，acetic acid醋酸，benzoic acid苯甲酸，formic acid甲酸，dodecanoic acid十二酸，octadecanoic acid十八酸，oxalic acid草酸，methyl ethanoate/acetate乙酸甲酯，ethyle propanoate丙酸甲酯，butyl benzoate苯甲酸丁酯，ethylamine乙胺，dimethylamine二甲胺，methylpentanenitrile甲基戊腈
methane甲烷，ethane乙烷，propane丙烷，butane丁烷，pentane戊烷，hexane己烷，heptane庚烷，octane辛烷，nonane九烷，decane十烷，undecane十一烷，dodecane十二烷，tridecane十三烷，tetradecane十四烷，pentadecane十五烷，hexadecane十六烷，heptadecane十七烷，octadecane十八烷，nonadecane十九烷，icosane二十烷，heneicosane二十一烷，docosane二十二烷，tricosane二十三烷，tetracosane二十四烷，pentacosane二十五烷，hexacosane二十六烷，heptacosane二十七烷，octacosane二十八烷，nanocosane二十九烷，triacontane三十烷，tetracontane四十烷，pentacontane五十烷，hexacontane六十烷，heptacontane七十烷，octacontane八十烷，nonacontane九十烷
carboxy羧基，sulfo-磺酸基，R-oxycarbonyl烴氧羰基，halo carbonyl鹵甲醯基，carbamoyl氨甲醯基，cyano-氰基，formyl甲醯基，hydroxy-羥基，amino-氨基，R-oxy羥氧基，halo-鹵代，fluoro-氟代，chloro-氯代，bromo-溴代，iodo-碘帶，nitro-硝基，nitroso-亞硝基，-carboxylic acid/-oic acid酸，-sulfonic acid磺酸，R-oate/R-carboxylate酯，-oyl halide醯鹵，-amide醯胺，-nitrile腈，-al醛，-one酮，-ol醇酚，-amine胺，-ether醚。
Ⅱ 生物專業想申請瑞士，不要求小語種成績的都有哪些啊
ETH的相關英語項目有Biotechnology，Biology，Computational Biology and Bioinformatics，Health Sciences and Technology等碩士項目，提交託福或雅思成績即可。洛桑理工EPFL英語項目開設Life Sciences Engineering和Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology。EPFL是不需要提交語言成績的。
Ⅲ 香港大學博士和蘇黎士理工大學碩士
當然是香港大學的博士。。。港大醫學博士在本土很吃香的專業，認可率很高。何況你是可以讀博士了，不需要再申請。
除非真的特別優秀，也可以先去蘇黎世讀碩，然後再申請博士。看題主怎麼選啦
Ⅳ 瑞士有什麼比較好的生物相關碩士項目
ETH：Health Sciences and Technology，Computational Biology and Bioinformatics，Biomedical Engineering，Biology，Biotechnology，Chemical and Bioengineering。
EPFL：Life Sciences Engineering，Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
UZH：Biology
以上幾所瑞士高校學術水平認可度高，碩士項目學費低廉，只需生活費用，是除美國之外的較好選擇。