dogevenice

㈠ doge是什麼意思

doge 英 [dəʊdʒ] 美 [dodʒ]

• n. （古時威尼斯和熱那亞的）總督

• n. (Doge)人名；(意)多傑；(法)多熱

㈡ 水城威尼斯簡介,急用!!!!!!!

威尼斯是一個美麗的水上城市，它建築在最不可能建造城市的地方-水上,威尼斯的風情總離不開「水」，蜿蜒的水巷，流動的清波，她就好像一個漂浮在碧波上浪漫的夢，詩情畫意久久揮之不去。這個城市，有一度曾握有全歐最強大的人力、物力和權勢。威尼斯的歷史相傳開始於公元453年；當時威尼斯地方的農民和漁民為逃避酷嗜刀兵的游牧民族，轉而避往亞德里亞海中的這個小島。威尼斯外形像海豚，城市面積不到7.8平方公里，卻由118個小島組成，177條運河蛛網一樣密布期間，這些小島和運河由大約350座橋相連。整個城市只靠一條長堤與義大利大陸半島連接。

威尼斯肥沃的沖積土質，就地而取材的石塊，加上用鄰近內陸的木頭做的小船往來其間；在淤泥中，在水上先祖們建起了威尼斯。這個不到8平方公里的城市，卻被一百多條蛛網般密布的運河割成一百多座小島，島與島之間只憑各式橋梁錯落連接，初來乍到很快便會迷失在這座「水城」中。好在有大運河呈S形貫穿整個城市。沿著這條號稱「威尼斯最長的街道」，可以飽覽威尼斯的精華而不用擔心迷路。沿岸的近200棟宮殿、豪宅和七座教堂，多半建於14至16世紀，有拜占庭風格、哥特風格、巴洛克風格、威尼斯式等等，所有的建築地基都淹沒在水中，看起來就像水中升起的一座藝術長廊。平日里大運河真的像一條熙熙攘攘的大街一樣，各式船隻往來穿梭其上，最別致的當然還是貢多拉。

威尼斯有毀於火中又重生的鳳凰歌劇院，徐志摩筆下憂傷的嘆息橋，偉大的文藝復興和拜占庭式建築，世界上最美的廣場之一—聖馬可廣場，有美得令人窒息的迴廊，大師安東尼奧尼電影中最美的段落有一些就在這兒拍攝；這兒是文藝復興的一個重鎮，產過歷史上最重要的畫派之一：威尼斯畫派；德國音樂大師理查德•瓦格納在這里與世長辭……這個城市昔日的光榮與夢想通過保存異常完好的建築延續到今天，她獨特的氣氛令遊人感到如受魔法，令凡是來過的威尼斯遊客都念念不舍，樂而忘返。

㈢ 威尼斯英文短文

The Bridge of Sighs in Venice, Italy. It received its name in the 17th century, when it was supposed to have been the route for prisoners on their way to be executed.
(Image &; Research Machines plc)

The façade of the cathedral of San Marco on the east side of St Mark's Square, Venice, Italy. The square is in the heart of Venice, and a centre for tourists. The campanile (bell-tower) and the Doges' Palace are close by, and the Merceria, the chief shopping street of Venice, joins the square on its north side.
(Image &; Image Bank)

A gondola on one of the small canal streets in Venice, Italy. These small boats are rowed by the gondolier (standing) using a single oar. During the Renaissance period there were an estimated 15,000 gondolas on the canals of Venice; today there are only about 350.
(Image &; Corel)

Grand Canal, Venice, Italy. The 『main street』 of Venice is lined with Gothic-style palazzi (palaces).
(Image &; Corel)

The Rialto bridge over the Grand Canal, Venice, Italy.
(Image &; Philip Sauvain Picture Collection)

Basilica of San Giorgio Maggiore on the island of the same name in Venice, Italy. It was designed by the 16th-century Renaissance artist Andrea Palladio.
(Image &; Corel)

St Mark's Square (the Piazza San Marco) is at the centre of Venice. It contains the 11th-century cathedral of St Mark, who is the patron saint of the city. This five-domed Byzantine cathedral is decorated with marble and mosaics, and four Greek bronze horses dating from the 3rd or 4th century. Sculptures of lions, the symbol of St Mark, are to be found in the square and on its buildings.
(Image &; Garret Nagle)

St Mark's Cathedral, Venice, Italy, seen from St Mark's Square, with the Doge's Palace on the right. This 11th-century cathedral is a classic example of Byzantine architecture.
(Image &; Philip Sauvain Picture Collection)

A winged lion on the Torre dell'Orologio (clock tower), Venice, Italy. The tower was designed by Italian architect Mauro Cossi and built 1496–99. The winged lion represents St Mark, the patron saint of Venice.
(Image &; Corel)

These buildings are built in the Venetian Gothic style, but are in fact in Slovenia. Italy's Friuli-Venezia Giulia region is on the western border of Slovenia, and in the southwest part of its coastline lies along the Gulf of Venice. In Venice itself the Santa Maria dei Frari is a good example of Venetian Gothic architecture, having been rebuilt in the Gothic style ring the 15th century.
(Image &; Image Bank)

Murano, one of the small islands upon which Venice is built. The islands lie within a lagoon, protected from the Adriatic Sea by a line of sandbanks or lidi. In some weather conditions, the water level of the lagoon will mount higher than the usual tidal rise of 1 m/3.3 ft, and flood the city. This picture clearly shows how close to the water's edge the city is built.
(Image &; Garret Nagle)

The Grand Canal, Venice, Italy, is lined with boats, both traditional gondolas and motorboats. In the distance, seen from the Cathedral of San Marco, is the church of Santa Maria della Salute, fronted by water-steps and crowned with a great dome.
(Image &; Archive Photos)

A carnival is held in Venice, Italy, before Lent, which usually begins in February. Another festival that Venetians enjoy is the annual Feast of the Redeemer, in July, when lighted boats fill the canals throughout the night to commemorate the city's deliverance from the plague in 1575.
(Image &; Image Bank)

A carnival is held in Venice, Italy, in the days before Lent (the 40 days of fasting observed by the Catholic Church before Easter). Fantastic costumes and masks are part of the festivity, which takes its name from the Latin meaning to 『remove meat』, since meat was forbidden ring Lent.
(Image &; Image Bank)

The famous skyline of the city of Venice, Italy. Venice is a world-famous tourist destination. Famous attractions include Piazza San Marco (St Mark's Square), the Doge's Palace, and St Mark's Basilica. However, Venice is at risk from rising sea levels, resulting partly from global warming, and floods are increasingly common.
(Image &; Garret Nagle)

Waterways adjacent to the Doge's Palace and Piazza San Marco (St Mark's Square), Venice, Italy. Venice was built on a series of small islands, in a low-lying lagoon. The preferred method of transport is by boat: the traditional gondola or the vaporetto (water bus).
(Image &; Garret Nagle)

City, port, and naval base on the northeast coast of Italy; population (2001 est) 266,200. It is the capital of the Veneto region. The old city is built on piles on low-lying islands in a salt-water lagoon, sheltered from the Adriatic Sea by the Lido and other small strips of land. There are about 150 canals crossed by some 400 bridges. Apart from tourism, instries include glass, jewellery, textiles, and lace.

History
In 1991, archaeologist Ernesto Canal established that the city was founded by the Romans in the 1st century; it was previously thought to have been founded by mainlanders fleeing from the Barbarians in 421. Venice became a wealthy independent trading republic in the 10th century and was also renowned as a centre of early publishing; 15% of all printed books before 1500 were printed in Venice. It was governed by an aristocratic oligarchy, the Council of Ten, and a senate, which appointed the doge (697–1797). By the beginning of the 14th century, the Council of Ten had replaced the general citizenry as an electorate in the election of the doges, and had become restricted to an oligarchy. Making use of a formidable secret police, the great council became increasing powerful while the doge became a figurehead.

In 1204 the doge, Enrico Dandolo, led the host of the Fourth Crusade in storming Constantinople. The Crusades did much to develop Venice's trade with the Near East and Asia, and the influence of Byzantium characterized much of Venetian art and architecture, clearly visible in St Mark's Church (rebuilt 1063–73) in the city's main square. During the 15th century the city grew into the most powerful of the Italian states and Europe's leading sea power, trading with the Far East, and distributing its imports throughout western Europe. Colonies and factories were founded in the Morea, the Peleponnese of southern Greece; at Constantinople (modern Istanbul); and in many of the coastal towns of Syria. By the mid-15th century the Venetian Empire stretched to the Alps and included Crete. It also ruled Istria and Dalmatia, Ravenna, and parts of Lombardy and Apulia.

In the latter half of the 15th century Venice's decline began; the chief causes were the Turkish conquest of Constantinople, the discovery of America, the Cape route around Africa, and the rise of the great European powers and their dominance in Italy. Venice helped defeat the Ottoman Empire in the naval Battle of Lepanto (1571) but the republic was overthrown by Napoleon I in 1797. It passed to Austria by the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797) and became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1866.

㈣ king和emperor有什麼不同

Emperor

【讀音】：英[ˈempərə(r)] 美[ˈɛmpəɚ]

【釋義】：皇帝。

King

【讀音】：英[kɪŋ] 美[kɪŋ]

【釋義】：

1、(常大寫)王，國王，君主

2、(某范圍內)最有勢力者、大王

國王和皇帝都是君主國的國家元首，但國王和皇帝有區別的：

emperor早期是特指羅馬帝國的皇帝，而King則泛指國王。

(4)dogevenice擴展閱讀

英 ['empərə(r)]美 ['empərər]

n.(名詞)[C]皇帝,君主 the ruler of an empire

名詞

名詞 n

1、(常大寫)王,國王,君主

They made him king of England.

他們擁戴他為英國國王。

2、(某范圍內)最有勢力者,大王

He is a steel king.

㈤ 用十句英文介紹威尼斯

【威尼斯中英雙語簡介】

Venice is a city in northern Italy,
威尼斯位於義大利南部
It is a beautiful city above water.
它是一個美麗的水上城市
Venezia is a city of small islands, enhanced ring the Middle Ages by the dredging of soils to raise the marshy ground above the tides.
威尼斯是一座由小島構成的城市，發展建立在中世紀由疏浚土築在潮汐之上的沼澤上。
The resulting canals encouraged the flourishing of a nautical culture which proved central to the economy of the city.
由此產生的運河鼓勵一個被顯示為城市經濟中心的航海文化的繁榮。
Venice is one of the most important tourist destinations in the world for its celebrated art and architecture.
威尼斯以著名的藝術和建築在世界上成為最重要的旅遊聖地之一。
The Doge's Palace is a palace built in Venetian Gothic style, and one of the main landmarks of the city of Venice
總督宮是威尼斯的哥特式風格建造的宮殿，威尼斯城市主要的地標之一
During the 16th century, Venice became one of the most important musical centers of Europe
在16世紀，威尼斯成為歐洲最重要的音樂中心之一
Now The city has an average of 50,000 tourists a day

現在全市每天平均有50,000名遊客
It continued being a fashionable city in vogue right into the early 20th century
它繼續作為一個流行的時尚城市在20世紀初
In the 1980s the Carnival of Venice was revived and the city has become a major centre of international conferences and festivals, such as the prestigious Venice Biennale and the Venice Film Festival, which attract visitors from all over the world.

20世紀80年代，威尼斯的狂歡節恢復以後，威尼斯已成為一些國際會議和慶典的主要中心如著名的威尼斯雙年展和威尼斯電影節，吸引來自世界各地的遊客，

㈥ 求有關水城威尼斯的英文介紹。

Venice
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation).
Comune di Venezia

Municipal coat of arms
Country Italy
Region Veneto
Province Venice (VE)
Mayor Massimo Cacciari (since April 18, 2005)

Elevation 0 m (0 ft)
Area 412 km² (159.1 sq mi)
Population (as of 2004)
- Total 271,252
- Density 658/km² (1,704/sq mi)
Time zone CET, UTC+1
Coordinates 45°26′N 12°19′E / 45.433°N 12.317°E / 45.433; 12.317Coordinates: 45°26′N 12°19′E / 45.433°N 12.317°E / 45.433; 12.317
Gentilic Veneziani
Dialing code 041
Postal code 30100
Frazioni Chirignago, Favaro Veneto, Mestre, Marghera, Murano, Burano, Giudecca, Lido, Zelarino
Patron St. Mark the Evangelist
- Day April 25
Website: www.comune.venezia.it
Venice and its Lagoon*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.
Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in northern Italy, the capital of the region Veneto, a population of 271,251 (census estimate January 1, 2004). Together with Paa, the city is included in the Paa-Venice Metropolitan Area (population 1,600,000). Venice has been known as the "La Dominante", "Serenissima", "Queen of the Adriatic", "City of Water", "City of Bridges", and "The City of Light". It is often cited as one of the most beautiful cities in the world.[1]

The city stretches across 118 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy. The saltwater lagoon stretches along the shoreline between the mouths of the Po (south) and the Piave (north) Rivers. The population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes the population of the whole Comune of Venezia; around 62,000 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico); 176,000 in Terraferma (the Mainland), mostly in the large frazione of Mestre and Marghera; and 31,000 live on other islands in the lagoon.

The Venetian Republic was a major maritime power ring the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as a very important center of commerce (especially silk, grain and spice trade) and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century.
Etymology
The name is connected with the people known as the Veneti, perhaps the same as the Eneti (Ενετοί) mentioned by Homer. The meaning of the word is uncertain. Connections with the Latin verb 'venire' (to come).A connection with the Latin word venetus, meaning 'sea-blue', is possible.

[edit] Origins and history
While there are no historical records that deal directly with the origins of Venice, the available evidence has led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice comprised refugees from Roman cities such as Paa, Aquileia, Altino and Concordia (modern Portogruaro) who were fleeing successive waves of Germanic invasions and Huns.[2] Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incola lacunae (lagoon dwellers).

Beginning in 166-168, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the main center in the area, the current Oderzo. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, by the Huns led by Attila. The last and most enring irruption was that of the Lombards in 568. This left the Eastern Roman Empire a small strip of coast in current Veneto, and the main administrative and religious entities were therefore transferred to this remaining dominion. New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon.

The Byzantine domination of central and northern Italy was subsequently largely eliminated by the conquest of the Exarchate of Ravenna in 751 by Aistulf. During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the "ke/doux", later "doge") was situated in Malamocco. Settlement across the islands in the lagoon probably increased in correspondence with the Lombard conquest of the Byzantine territories.

In 775-776, the bishopric seat of Olivolo (Helipolis) was created. During the reign of ke Agnello Particiaco (811-827) the cal seat was moved from Malamocco to the highly protected Rialto (Rivoalto, "High Shore") island, the current location of Venice. The monastery of St. Zachary and the first cal palace and basilica of St. Mark, as well as a walled defense (civitatis murus) between Olivolo and Rialto were subsequently built here.

In 828, the new city's prestige was raised by the theft of the relics of St. Mark the Evangelist from Alexandria, which were placed in the new basilica. The patriarchal seat was also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to develop and as Byzantine power waned, it led to the growth of autonomy and eventual independence.

Piazza San Marco in Venice, with St Mark's Campanile in the background.
These Horses of Saint Mark are a replica of the Triumphal Quadriga captured in Constantinople in 1204 and carried to Venice as a trophy.
[edit] Expansion
From the ninth to the twelfth century Venice developed into a city state (an Italian thalassocracy or Repubblica Marinara, the other three being Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi). Its strategic position at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable. The city became a flourishing trade center between Western Europe and the rest of the world (especially the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world).

In the 12th century the foundations of Venice's power were laid: the Venetian Arsenal was under construction in 1104; the last autocratic doge, Vitale Michiele, died in 1172.

The Republic of Venice seized a number of locations on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because pirates based there were a menace to trade. The Doge already carried the titles of Duke of Dalmatia and Duke of Istria. Later mainland possessions, which extended across Lake Garda as far west as the Adda River, were known as the "Terraferma", and were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee Alpine trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat, on which the city depended. In building its maritime commercial empire, the Republic dominated the trade in salt,[3] acquired control of most of the islands in the Aegean, including Cyprus and Crete, and became a major power-broker in the Near East. By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as Bergamo, Brescia and Verona rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.

Venice remained closely associated with Byzantium, being twice granted trading privileges in the Empire, through the co-called Golden Bulls or 'chrysobulls' in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist Norman and Turkish incursions. In the first chrysobull Venice acknowledged its homage to the Empire but not in the second, reflecting the decline of Byzantium and the rise of Venice's power.[4][5]

Venice became an imperial power following the Fourth Crusade, which seized Constantinople in 1204 and established the Latin Empire; Venice itself carved out a sphere of influence known as the Duchy of the Archipelago. This seizure of Constantinople would ultimately prove as decisive a factor in ending the Byzantine Empire as the loss of the Anatolian themes after Manzikert. Though the Byzantines recovered control of the ravaged city a half century later, the Byzantine Empire was greatly weakened, and existed as a ghost of its old self, struggling on with the help, among other things, of loans from Venice (never repaid) until Sultan Mehmet The Conqueror took the city in 1453. Considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back to Venice, including the gilt bronze horses which were placed above the entrance to St Mark's cathedral.

View of San Giorgio Maggiore Island from St. Mark's Campanile.Situated on the Adriatic Sea, Venice traded with the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world extensively. By the late thirteenth century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce. During this time, Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and support the work of the greatest and most talented artists. The city was governed by the Great Council, which was made up of members of the most influential families in Venice. The Great Council appointed all public officials and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 indivials. Since this group was too large for efficient administration, a Council of Ten (also called the Ducal Council or the Signoria), controlled much of the administration of the city. One member of the great council was elected "Doge", or ke, the ceremonial head of the city, who normally held the title until his death.

The Venetian governmental structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected chief executive (the Doge), a senate-like assembly of nobles, and a mass of citizens with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected Doge. Church and various private properties were tied to military service, though there was no knight tenure within the city itself. The Cavalieri di San Marco was the only order of chivalry ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military. War was regarded as a continuation of commerce by other means (hence, the city's early proction of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce).

Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo.The chief executive was the Doge, who theoretically held his elective office for life. In practice, several Doges were forced by pressure from their oligarchical peers to resign the office and retire into monastic seclusion when they were felt to have been discredited by perceived political failure.

Though the people of Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism and it enacted not a single execution for religious heresy ring the Counter-Reformation. This apparent lack of zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the Papacy. Venice was threatened with the interdict on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition. The second, most famous, occasion was on April 27, 1509, by order of Pope Julius II (see League of Cambrai).

Venetian ambassadors sent home still-extant secret reports of the politics and rumours of European courts, providing fascinating information to modern historians.

The newly-invented German printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe in the fifteenth century, and Venice was quick to adopt it. By 1482 Venice was the printing capital of the world, and the leading printer was Als Manutius, who invented the concept of paperback books that could be carried in a saddlebag. His Aldine Editions included translations of nearly all the known Greek manuscripts of the era.[6]