虛擬貨幣論文英語

A. 虛擬貨幣怎樣翻譯

Ideal money

B. 誰給我一篇有關虛擬貨幣的英文文獻呀寫畢業論文用的~~，謝謝各位大哥哥大姐姐了~

阿瓦達試試事實上事實上事實上事實上事實上事實上事實上事實上事實上事實上事實上

C. 網路虛擬貨幣相關論文有哪些

也是一片空白。

D. 虛擬貨幣英文縮寫

虛擬貨幣[詞典]ideal money;[例句]騰訊從虛擬商品和虛擬貨幣上賺了錢，矽谷正加以效仿。Tencent has made money from virtual goods and currencies; Silicon Valley is following.

E. 虛擬貨幣或數字貨幣用英文怎麼說

digital currency
網路 數字貨幣; 數位貨幣; 數碼貨幣; 數據貨幣;
[例句]COM and NBA team the Sacramento Kings would accept the digital currency as payment.
而最近隨著主流電商Overstock.com和美職籃（NBA）的薩克拉門托國王隊（Sacramento Kings）公開宣布將接受數字貨幣作為支付方式，比特幣熱潮更是達到了頂點。
Virtual currency
[詞典] 虛擬貨幣;
[例句]A virtual currency with no central bank backing and no yield is worse than a casino chip.
沒有央行支持、也不產生任何收益的虛擬貨幣，還不如一個賭場籌碼。

F. 求一篇1000字英文的虛擬貨幣辯論 為反方 觀點不應該使用虛擬貨幣 不要查百度，自己寫謝謝

是因為虛擬貨幣的話，1000個人英文的話這個輸入法也不好打啊，到時候我給你寫一篇拍個照片給你看。

G. 高手請進！急求一篇關於電子貨幣的英文文章和中文翻譯

The 21st century has introced the world to a new way of doing Business.
21世紀將，世界引入經商新法則。

It's now a foregone conclusion that global commerce will be as revolutionized by it as Henry Ford's mass-proction techniques were a defining characteristic of the 1900s.
現在，當亨利·福特的批量生產技術成為20世紀確定的特徵時，一個預料中的結局就是全球商業將會被徹底改革，

The Business is e-currency, which allows Internet-based purchase and sales transactions involving almost anything to be safely concted at lightning speed.
這業務就是電子貨幣，它使得在網際網路的購買和銷售任何東西都能夠安全交易並在一瞬間操作完畢。

Safeguards are in place to make identity fraud, chargeback prevention and funds verification much more of a surety than anything the conventional means of payment in the non-cyber world can provide.
安全措施十分到位，使得身份欺詐、扣款預防和資金的核查比非電腦化的傳統支付手段更加保險。

E-currency may only exist in the cyber world, but that is nothing new.
電子貨幣也許僅僅存在於網路世界，但它卻不是始作俑者。

The euro began in the same manner.
歐元也是像他那樣開始的。

It was officially accepted by the countries of the European Union in 1999 to simplify Business by eliminating exchange rates, but it began life 20 years before that by private financial institutions who saw it as an idea that had to happen.
歐元正式被歐盟各國接受是在1999年，它使得歐盟各國業務來往變得簡單，消除了貨幣兌換匯率。但是早在20年前，歐元的概念就被私人金融機構提出來了。

By 2002, the euro evolved from cyber-tender to hard cash and is now arguably the second-most influential currency in the world.
到2002年，歐元從電子化的軟通貨演變為硬通貨，再到現如今成為世界上第二種具有影響力的貨幣。

The Internet's globalization of commerce on an instantaneous basis means that, where the euro has already gone, today's e-currencies will follow.
網際網路的即時交易商業全球化，意味著，如果歐元消逝了，電子貨幣也會跟著不復存在。

H. 虛擬貨幣有哪些 用英文怎麼說

虛擬貨幣有哪些 ?
What are some of the virtual currencies now exist/available?

I. 求一篇關於人民幣升值的影響的英文文獻原文，要有出處與作者

The predicament of appreciation of the RMB
Recently, China has been under heavy international pressure to abandon its currency's de facto peg to the U.S. dollar. The US Treasury Department is highly likely to label China a currency manipulator in a report e out in mid-April.

United States claimed that the undervalued Chinese currency has widened the U.S. trade deficit with China and has cost U.S. manufacturing jobs. Congress has urged China to revalue its currency. However, the Chinese government insists that the competitiveness of Chinese goods comes from low labor costs rather than from the lower exchange rate.

Meanwhile, most U.S. and Chinese economists agree that at this moment a sudden rise in the yuan's value would do more harm than good for China, the United States, and the world economy. This is not to say that China does not need to review the yuan's valuation and its exchange rate regime.

It is difficult to determine, however, whether a currency is undervalued or overvalued in a nonmarket economy. In the Western world, undervaluation of the yuan』s d is considered as universal rule.

It differ a lot using different calculation methods. Professor Huang Yiping recently pointed that, Menzie China』s calculations which bases on purchasing power parity (PPP) show that 40% of the RMB exchange rate is undervalued. But if we consider the World Bank』s usage of purchasing power parity which is adjusted by China's GDP, 40% disappeared; Nicholas Lardy and Morris Goldstein concluded that the yuan is undervalued by 12% to 16% (at the end of 2008); Yao Yang and his colleagues calculated that underestimation the level of less than Lardy』s estimates.

It is seems that IMF does not represent any one country and may be perhaps convincing. IMF in 2006 to strengthen the bilateral exchange rates of member evaluation mechanism using its own set of assessment methods, specifically including macroeconomic balance (MB), equilibrium real exchange rate (ERER) and external sustainability (ES).

In 2006, IMF politely praised the Chinese government』s investment in the crisis, but also diplomatically cautioned that "some directors considered that the RMB is undervalued." In the future, IMF will launch China's of a new round of negotiation. The U.S. Treasury will make some measures earlier than the IMF's actions. April 15, the United States could have labeled China as a "currency manipulator". According U.S. law, the U.S. Treasury must decide before April 15, submitting the semi-annual report to Congress about the exchange rate policies of major trading partners, especially on whether consider China as a currency manipulator.

Washington has declined to name the Chinese case in the past, but because of high unemployment, the U.S. Congress has become tougher. Some senators proposed legislations that if Beijing does not change its policy, the tariffs on Chinese goods. If that were the case, it will be the first time in 16 years. By declaring China a currency manipulator, the US could slap additional tariffs on imports from the country.

Some economists said that RMB』s revaluation is the most effective measures to rece the unemployment rate. He said that the yuan is undervalued against the dollar by 40%, and the U.S. current account deficit will be reced from 100 to 150 billion U.S. dollars without this gap, creating 600,000 to 1,200,000 new jobs.

At the same time, Chinese experts strongly doubt the US will do so as it will provoke Beijing and jeopardize its most important trade relationship, while others believe that even if China were declared a currency manipulator, Washington will not follow up with punitive measures.

The most hard-line organization against the United States Congress is the Trading Associations from major exporters. For example, electrical and mechanical instry of China's exports of China's total exports accounted for nearly 60%. All exporters emphasize that the appreciation of the RMB will cause more terrible than in 2005.

Over the past few years, China's trade surplus continued to make China as a target of public criticism, its exchange rate policy has been criticized. The U.S. officials believe that China's huge trade surplus continued to show that the exchange rate which has been pegged to the dollar is undervalued since mid-2008 as a "unfair" competitive advantage. Chinese officials contend that China's trade surplus over the past year has been substantially narrowed. Now, Beijing's position may be supporting data.

In March, trade deficit will record more than 80 billion U.S. dollars. If true, it means the maintenance of nearly six years of China's trade surplus pattern will change. China's last monthly trade deficit appeared in April 2004. If the actual trade deficit happens in March, it is indicated that other countries promote their own economic growth by the sale of goods to China. Moreover, the trade deficit will rece the monetary and trade policies of China's international political pressure. The future of offshore money market appreciation of the RMB is expected to slightly decline.

However, even there is one month』s trade deficit, it won』t continue. The World Bank estimates that China's current account surplus will increase to 304 billion U.S. dollars this year. As long as China has a surplus, the yuan』s exchange rate will still be economic problems scapegoat by some trading partners from time to time.

On the other hand, the US』 easy monetary policy would negatively affect China』s economic and financial and macroeconomic policies. The loose monetary policy weakens the dollar and undermines dollar-denominated assets to attract short-term international capital, which drove enormous volumes of 『hot money』 into China. The dollar devaluation, compounded by excess liquidity, heightens pressure to appreciate the yuan. A sharp rise of the yuan would wreak devastating blows on export-oriented enterprises and cause massive layoffs, and subsequently cause incalculable damage to the overall operation of China』s economy. So it is very hard to find an equilibrium exchange rate point and to define an appropriate level concerning the appreciation margin.

The capital account is under strict control in China, and the real foreign exchange market is yet to be established. The yuan's exchange rate, which is actually dictated by the government, cannot be regarded as the market equilibrium rate, nor can it serve as a true mirror of the country's real supply and demand for foreign exchange. It is sensible to change the foreign exchange regime itself rather than to change its value.
留美學生 馬戈 （責任編輯：郝孟佳）

J. 誰能幫我找兩篇有關虛擬貨幣法律問題的外文文獻

[1] Dan Hunter and F. Gregory Lastowka：Virtual Property； California Law Review 92th，2004.

只找到一個，不過可以告訴你一個方法，去知網下載一篇優秀碩士論文，看他的參考文獻，肯定會有外文文獻！